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• 


A  Lesson  in  Patriotism 


OPEN  AIR  CRUSADERS 


A   Kl  POR l    Ot 

THK  ELIZABETH  McCORMICK 
OPEN  AIR  SCHOOL 

rOGE  I  HER    \\  l'l'll   A 

GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  OPEN    AIR    SCHOOL  WORK 

IN   CHICAGO   AND   A  CHAPTER    ON 

SCHOOL   VENTILATION 


EDITED   BY 

SHERMAN    C.   KINGSLEY 

General  Superintendent  of  the  United  Charities  of  Chicago 


2.0  3  ^fb 
ILL  USTRA  TED 


Through  the  generosity  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Elizabeth 
McCormick  Memorial  Fund,  the  United  Charities  of  Chicago 
is  enabled  to  place  this  book  before  the  public  free  of  charge. 
Copies  may  be  obtained  by  addressing  the  United  Charities 
of  Chicago,  51  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


Copyright,  1910 
UXITED   CHARITIES  OF  CHICAGO 


llrittratinn 


TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  ELIZABETH,  DAUGH- 
TER OF  Mr.  AXD  Mrs.  CYRUS  HALL  McCOR- 
MICK,  A  CHILI)  WHOSE  RADIANT  YOUNG 
LIFE  WAS  SO  MARKED  BY  DEEDS  OF  KIND- 
LINESS TO  OTHERS  THAT  THESE  MINIS- 
TRIES OF  LOYE  WERE  NOT  ALLOWED  TO 
CEASE  WHEN,  AT  THE  AGE  OF  TWELVE, 
SHE  WAS  CALLED  IXTO  THE  PRESENCE  OF 
THE  GREAT  FRIEND  OF  ALL  THE  CHILDREN. 


t 

Jlrrfarr 

Tliis  little  book  concerns  itself  with  the  physical  needs  of  school 
children.  It  is  a  story  of  the  results  obtained  by  giving  a  group  of 
physically  deficient  pupils,  most  of  them  predisposed  to  tuber- 
culosis, a  year  in  an  open  air  school;  of  their  gain  in  health  and 
mentality;  of  the  part  these  little  fresh  air  crusaders  have  already 
had  in  opening  twenty  thousand  schoolhouse  windows.  The  school 
was  conducted  by  the  L'nited  Charities  of  Chicago  and  the  expense 
of  maintenance,  attendants  and  equipment  was  met  through  a  grant 
to  the  Society  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Elizabeth  McCormick  Mem- 
orial Fund,  a  foundation  in  honor  of  the  child  to  whose  memory 
this  book  is  dedicated.  The  Board  of  Education  lent  its  generous  and 
hearty  co-operation  by  furnishing  the  school  equipment,  teacher, 
the  su]  »ervision  and  whole  conduct  of  the  educational  side  of  the  work. 
Inquiries  about  the  school  have  come  from  many  different  states, 
as  well  as  from  abroad,  and  have  been  so  numerous  that  this  some- 
what detailed  report  is  circulated  in  the  hope  that  it  may  be  of  ser- 
vice to  other  communities  where  health  needs  and  health  rights  of 
the  children  should  be  recognized  and  met.  Above  all  it  is  hoped 
that  this  book  will  help  in  the  movement  to  win  their  fresh  air  rights 
for  all  children.  To  make  the  book  of  the  broadest  possible  service,  to 
answer  questions  already  asked  and  to  anticipate  others,  we  have 
included  a  chart  giving  a  statement  of  the  open  air  school  movement 
up  to  date;  a  chapter  on  the  open  window  school  in  Chicago  by 
the  principal  of  the  Graham  school;  a  chapter  on  the  open  air 
summer  schools,  taken  largely  from  the  iqoo  report  on  Chicago's 
First  Open  Air  School,  issued  by  the  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute, 
the  large  general  agency  which  stands  pre-eminently  for  the  tubercu- 
losis cause  in  Chicago ;  also  a  chapter  on  school  ventilation  which  Dr. 
Evans,  Health  Commissioner  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  and  his  associ- 
ates on  the  Chicago  Ventilation  Commission  have  kindly  contributed. 

Ventilating  systems  which  do  not  ventilate  have  been  reverenced 
too  long.  It  is  a  serious  matter  when  a  school  into  which  a  child  is 
forced  actually  contributes  to  his  physical  decline.  The  dull  and 
backward  pupil  who  cannot  get  his  lesson  is  often  kept  in  at  recess 
or  after  school.  He  has  sat  for  hours  at  a  rigid  desk,  in  an  unnat- 
ural posture,  in  an  over-heated  room,  the  over-dried  thirsty  air  sap- 
ping his  already  wilted  system,  the  windows  of  the  school  never 
opened  because  the  janitor,  the  ventilating  engineer,  and  perhaps 
the  teacher,  who  likes  to  have  the  thermometer  75  or  more,  say  no. 


y rrfarr 


The  Elizabeth  McCormick  '  >pen  Air  School  began  its  work  in  the 
pleasantest  part  of  the  year,  when  it  was  a  delight  to  be  out  of  doors, 
but  in  a  short  time  very  cold  weather  set  in,  the  thermometer  stand- 
ing below  zero  on  several  different  days.     Every  new  movement  at 

ie  time  has  its  severe  test  and  this  open  air  school  was  no  exception. 
Every  precaution  that  could  be  taken  was  made  in  anticipation  of 
the  needs  that  would  develop  in  this  departure  from  the  usual  school 

ime.  Yet  complaints  were  brought  to  the  superintendent  of  the 
city  schools  that  the  children  on  the  roof  were  suffering  on  these 
extreme  days.  The  medical  staff,  the  medical  director  and  those  in 
charge  were  watching  the  children  very  closely  and  knew  that  in 
spite  of  the  weather  these  little  Eskimo  clad  people  were  cheerful 
and  happy  and  comfortable.  A  meeting  was  planned  which  brought 
together  the  medical  staff,  the  superintendent  of  schools,  the  super- 
visor and  other  people  prominent  in  educational,  philanthropic  and 
medical  professions.  The  day  chosen  for  the  meeting  happened  to 
be  one  of  the  most  disagreeable  days  of  the  winter.  A  cold,  freezing 
rain  had  been  drizzling  for  twenty-four  hours,  the  roof  was  slippery, 
the  day  was  grey  and  dark  and  the  air  full  of  a  profound  chill.  The 
electric  lights  in  the  study  tent  had  been  turned  on.  It  was  one  of 
those  discouraging  days  when  it  is  difficult  not  to  feel  blue  and  when 
the  teacher  learns  to  anticipate  poor  lessons,  listless  pupils  and 
an  uncomfortable  day.  The  visitors  to  the  open  air  school  found  the 
discouragement  of  the  day  quite  routed  by  the  unaffected  good  spirits 
of  the  children.  They  heard  wide-awake  recitations,  saw  a  group  of 
alert  and  attentive  children.  They  felt  of  the  heavy  blanket  suits, 
examined  the  warm  boots  and  noted  the  general  comfort  of  the  child. 
Spirited  gymnastics  were  carried  on  under  the  shelter  tent.  The 
visitors  looked  over  records,  saw  the  increase  in  weight,  the  decrease 
in  temperature  and  observed  the  general  atmosphere  of   content. 

e  remarked:  "If  these  children  are  suffering  from  the  cold,  we 
would  like  to  try  it  ourselves."  One  or  two  who  came  to  scoff 
remained  to  take  notes. 

The  conference  which  followed  in  the  nursery  building  manifested 
the  same  spirit  of  enthusiastic  and  hearty  commendation  and  offi- 
cially set  the  stamp  of  approval  upon  the  open  air  school  idea.  It 
was  a  decisive  victory.  By  the  next  morning  every  paper  in  the  city 
had  told  the  people  of  Chicago  what  fresh  air  was  doing  for  the  little 

up  of  children  on  the  snowy  roof,  and  had  made  the  story  vivid 
by  striking  photographs  of  the  boys  and  girls  in  their  picturesque 
Eskimo  suits  which  were  guaranteed  to  attract  the  attention  and 
arouse  the  interest  of  the  most  indifferent  reader.  This  definite 
•  I'-monstration  of  the  remarkable  effects  which  the  fresh  air  treat- 
ment brings  about  in  sick  children  set  people  in  general,  fathers  and 


\}  rrfarr 


mothers,  as  well  as  teachers  and  doctors,  to  wondering  what  would  be 
the  results  of  similar  treatment  upon  well  children.  As  a  result  of 
the  general  public  interest,  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  City  of 
Chicago  on    December   29,    moo,  voted   to  establish   twenty  open 

window  rooms  in  the  Graham  school,  where  the  experiment  had  been 
under  way  in  two  rooms  since  September.  On  September  10,  1910, 
orders  came  from  the  superintendent's  office  to  open  all  the  windows 
in  all  the  public  schools  of  the  city  at  least  three  times  a  daw  The 
twenty  thousand  windows  were  opened. 

The  school  child  no  longer  has  to  acquire  tuberculosis  as  an  in- 
dispensable preliminary  to  obtaining  fresh  air  for  his  schoolroom. 
Normal  children  are  beginning  to  share  a  little  in  the  special  privi- 
leges of  the  sub-normal.  The  day  may  even  come  when  our  youth 
will  not  be  compelled  to  pay  the  penalty  for  being  bright  and  strong 
and  well  by  being  deprived  of  the  individual  attention  and  the  sani- 
tary  surroundings  which  are  to-day  the  boon  of  the  physically  and 
mentally  deficient  child.  Toward  the  attainment  of  this  ideal  the 
open  air  school,  especially  as  modified  to  include  the  non-tuberculous, 
marks  one  long  step. 

Many  people  have  cheerfully  co-operated  in  the  work  of  this 
school.  The  community  is  full  of  friends  for  such  children  and  they 
have  rallied  to  the  cause  wherever  and  whenever  their  services  could 
lie  utilized.  It  will  be  almost  impossible  to  give  full  credit  by  name 
to  all  the  friends  who  have  helped  in  this  movement,  but  we  wish 
especially  to  acknowledge  our  obligation  to  these  persons  for  their 
heli>  in  the  work  and  for  assisting  us  in  the  preparation  of  this  book: 
The  ladies  of  the  Winnetka  Congregational  Church,  who  made  the 
Eskimo  suits  for  the  children  of  the  school;  the  Chicago  Public 
School  Extension  Committee,  who  sent  a  story-teller  to  amuse  the 
children  once  a  week;  the  members  of  the  consulting  staff,  Dr.  W. 
A  Evans,  Dr.  John  A.  Robison,  Dr.  II.  B.  Favill  and  Dr.  Theodore 
B.  Sachs,  who  gave  generously  of  their  time  and  interest  to  the 
supervision  of  the  school;  Dr.  James  A.  Britton,  physician  in  charge, 
to  whom  more  than  to  any  other  one  person  is  due  the  credit  for  the 
conduct  and  success  of  the  school,  and  whose  carefully  kept  records 
have  furnished  our  statistics;  Miss  Myrn  Brockett,  superintendent  of 
the  Mary  Crane  Nursery,  who,  with  the  physician  in  charge,  had  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  details  of  the  management  and  who  imparted 
to  the  school  in  remarkable  degree  the  friendly,  home-like  spirit  of  the 
nursery  life;  Miss  Alice  Bunker,  the  efficient  teacher  provided  by 
the  Board  of  Education,  and  Miss  Ruth  Gamble,  matron  in  charge. 
We  have  elsewhere  acknowledged  our  indebtedness  to  Mr.  Frank 
E.  Wing,  Superintendent  of  the  Municipal  Sanatorium,  PrincipalWm. 
E.  Watt,  of  the  Graham  School  and  Health  Commissioner  W.  A. 


JJrrfarr 


Evans  for  the  chapters  which  they  have  contributed  to  this  book. 
Acknowledgement  is  also  due  Miss  Mabel  Brown  Ellis,  of  the  United 
Charities,  for  the  part  she  has  had  in  building  the  book.  Of  those  in 
other  cities  who  have  assisted  us,  we  thank  the  "Survey"  for  several 
illustrations,  Dr.  Leonard  P.  Ayres,  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation, 
for  the  permission  to  reprint  the  bibliography  of  the  open  air  school 
movement  from  his  recent  book  on  Open  Air  Schools,  and  Dr.  Wm. 
diaries  White,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dr.  Geo.  W.  Goler  and  Mrs.  Helen 
B.  Arnold,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dr.  Helen  C.  Putnam  and  Dr.  Ellen 
A.  Stone,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  Miss  Sara  E.  Coates,  of  Newport,  R.  I., 
Mr.  S.  H.  Stone,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  Dr.  Henry  F.  Stoll,  of  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Superintendent  of  Schools  Randall  Spaulding,  of  Montclair, 
N.  J.,  the  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  Mr. 
Frank  H.  Mann,  Miss  Elizabeth  Crowell,  Miss  Mary  C.  Plunkett, 
Mr.  W.  Frank  Persons,  Mrs.  Edward  Mandell,  Principal  John  Doty, 
and  Associate  Superintendent  of  Schools  Straubenmuller,  of  New 
York  City,  for  information  concerning  the  open  air  school  work  in 
their  respective  cities. 

If  this  simple  record  of  the  results  of  open  air  treatment  upon  a 
group  of  Chicago  children  predisposed  to  sickness  and  failure,  proves 
of  service  in  calling  attention  to  the  physical  needs  of  all  school 
children  and  of  help  in  winning  them  their  fresh  air  rights,  the  pur- 
pose of  both  school  and  book  will  have  been  accomplished. 

Sherman  C.  Kingsley. 


10 


Qtabl?  nf  (Enutiuttii 


CHAPTER    I  Page 

THE   STORY    OF   THE   CHILDREN 15 

Compiled  by  Alice  Bunker  and  Mabel  Brown  Ellis 

CHAPTER   II 

THE    STORY    OF   THE   SCHOOL 33 

By  Sherman  C.  Kingsley 

CHAPTER    III 

DETAILS   OF   THE    MANAGEMENT 45 

By  James  A.  Britton,  M.D. 

CHAPTER    IV 

STATISTICS  57 

By  J.-mus  A.  Britton,  M.  D. 

CHAPTER    V 

l  OMMENT   AROUSED   BY   THE   SCHOOL 63 

By  Theodore  B.  Sachs,  M.  I).,  Mr.  Frank  E.  Wing, 
Henry  B.  Favill,  M.  D.,  John  Robison,  M.  D. 
and  the  Chicago  Press 

CHAPTER   VI 

CHICAGO'S   FIRST   OPEX    AIR   SCHOOL 73 

By  Frank  E.  Wing 

CHAPTER    VII 

CHICAGO'S   OPEN    WINDOW   SCHOOL 81 

By  William  E.  Watt 

CHAPTER   VIII 

VENTILATION    OF   SCHOOL   ROOMS 89 

By  William  A.  Evans,  M.  D. 

Addenda:  Chart  Showing  Methods  and  Results  of  Open  Air  Schools  in  Eight 
American  Cities.  Bibliography  of  Open  Air  School  Movement. 
Directors  of  United  Charities  of  Chicago.  Activities  of  United 
Charities  of  Chicago. 


iCUit  of  3lllustrattmt£ 


A  Lism'N   in  Patriotism         .... 

(in  \  Air,  Open  Minds 

Candidates  tor  Open  Air  School  Treatment 

Infection  through  Food 

Tin:  Baseball  Game  at  Camp  Algonquin 

Exercising  on  the  Roof 

The  Flag-Raising  on  Washington's  Birthday 
The  School  Where  No  One  Failed 

Tin    Sick  Child 

Exterior  of  Mary  Crane  Nursery  . 
Plan  of  the  Nursery  Roof         .... 
The  Monthly  Examination  by  the  Physician  in 
Taking  Temperature  and  Pulse 

Dinner  Time      

L\  the  Steamer  Chairs 

On  the  Cots 

The  Last  Lunch  at  Camp  Algonquin 
Studying  under  the  Oaks  at  Camp  Algonquin 
Inspection  of  School  by  Mrs.  Ella  Flagg  Young 
How  the  Papers  Helped       .... 
The  Tuberculosis  Institute  School  Tent 

A  Class  in  Basketry 

The  Toothbrush  Drill  .... 

In  the  Balance        

Open  Windows  in  January  .... 
Fresh  Air  Fiends  of  the  Graham  School 
The  First  Open  Air  Kindergarten  . 
A  Camp  Algonquin  Schoolroom 
America's  Opportunity 


Frontispiece 


Facing 
Page 


Charge 


16 
16 

29 

30 
32 
34 

37 
40 

42 
46 
46 

53 
54 
54 
58 
64 
69 
70 
74 
74 

77 
80 

82 

82 

87 
90 


Tailpiece 


12 


£ist  «f  (Ebarta 


Facing 

Page 

Dim  Wei.  Travelled  by  Pupils  of  Open  Air  School   .        .  39 

Pattern  of  Hoods  for  Eskimo  Suits 49 

Pattern  of  Sleeping  Bags 50 

Grade  of  Open  Air  School  Pupils  Compared  with  Normal 

Children $g 

Weight   of   Open   Air   School   Children   Compared   with 

Normal    . 6X 

Methods  and  Results  of  Open  Air  Schools  in  Eight  Ameri- 
can Cities IOI 


13 


Q 
55 


55 

W 

- 

O 


55 

u 

o 


ulli?  &tay  of  the  (ftlitlftmt 

School  and  Family  History  of  the  Children  Attending  the  Elizabeth 
McCormick  Open  Air  School  from  January  to  June,  1910.  School 
Songs  and  Yells. 


15 


Candidates  for  Open  Air  School  Treatment. 


Infection   Through  Food. 

The  man,  who  is  in  the  third  degree  of  Tuberculosis,  and  who  coughs  constantly,  is  cutting  cabbage 
for  the  winter  supply  of  sauer  kraut  for  the  family. 

16 


®hr  £>timj  of  th*  (Elttlitrnt 


~2-Q  3  -f-  b 


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i 


JT*l-:<)  was  recruited  from  the  shivering  ranks 
tlj  of  that  little  army  of  children  who  supply 
tin-  family  fuel  by  picking  coal  along  the 
railroad  track.  The  basement  rooms  to 
which,  in  the  raw  winter  mornings,  he  carried 
home  his  heavy  sack  <>f  broken  hits  of  coal 
were  s<>  .lark  thai  a  lam])  was  kept  burning 
all  dav  Long.  His  widowed  mother  supported 
her  family  of  three  by  taking  in  washing. 
For  jusl  half  his  short  life,  Leo  has  been 
almost  constantly  ill. 

Though  he  was  weaker  physically  than 
many  of  his  schoolmates,  he  had  a  much 
more  active  mind  than  most  of  them.  Ik- 
was  a  hard  worker  and  very  ambit  ions,  show- 
ing great  interest  in  everything  pertaining  to 
school-work.  His  deportment  improved  won- 
derfully after  he  entered  the  school. 

3 (  MIX'S  father  deserted  two  years  ago. 
Since  that  time,  the  only  income  of  the 
family  of  five  has  been  the  seven  dollars 
a  week  earned  by  an  older  son  in  a  printing- 
office,  plus  the  few  eents  a  day  which  the 
tubercular  mother  made,  in  her  spare  mo- 
ments, by  tying  twine  for  a  tag  manufactur- 
ing company.  She  refused  a  chance  to  send 
John  to  Colorado  for  free  treatment,  saying 
that  he  was  now  old  enough  to  go  to  work  and 
they  could  no  longer  get  along  without  what 
he  might  earn. 

John  exhibited  great  interest  in  his  school 
work.      He  was  a   very  intelligent   child   and 
had  the  most  active  mind  of  any  boy  in  the 
ool. 

/jtyi  f<  '  was  a  Norwegian  boy.  His  father 
VI7  was  a  laborer  who  made  about  ten  dollars 
a  week.  Their  rooms  on  the  second  floor 
rear  were  very  dirty  and  poorly  lighted. 
Otto  slept  with  a  brother  who  had  tuber- 
culosis and  was  later  sent  to  Naperville  for 
treatment. 


Cm  S. 


Aur    (6rafor 
12       4-5 


3nh« 


Age    (Braur 
13       7-3 


GDita  1.         Aur    (Srafce 
3         4-5 


17 


(Djmt  Air  (trttuafccrs 


Jlnsrpli  & 


Aqr 
12 


(!kai>r 
5-fi 


Iflnllg  S>.      Agr    Oka&c 
9        5-H 


Otto  was  a  quiet  lad  who  attended  strictly 
to  his  studies.  He  had  an  active  mind  and 
did  very  creditable  work  in  the  Open  Air 
School. 


^THE  father  of  Joseph  and  .Molly  died  of 
\ii>  tuberculosis  brought  on  by  exposure  and 
lack  of  food,  and  for  a  time  it  seemed  as  if 
the  fate  of  the  children  might  be  similar. 
But  a  wealthy  friend  assumed  the  burden  of 
the  family  support  and  they  are  now  com- 
fortably provided  for. 

At  times  Joseph  worked  very  hard  at  His 
lessons  and  then  apparently  found  it  neces- 
sary to  rest  awhile  from  his  exertions.  He 
seemed  never  to  lack  interest  in  his  work, 
but  there  were  days  when  he  appeared  to  be 
incapable  of  making  an  effort.  Probably  as 
his  health  improves,  he  will  be  able  to  achieve 
better  results  in  his  studies. 

Molly,  unlike  her  brother,  was  never  too 
exhausted  to  study.  She  was  a  faithful  little 
worker,  ever  on  the  alert  to  master  each  new 
subject. 


idtttnr  ffi. 


A«r 
12 


(Srai>c 
5-B 


/|THE  place  which  Elinor  called  home  was 
^/  a  five-room  rear  cottage,  built  up  close 
to  the  front  house.  The  back  windows 
looked  on  a  narrow,  dirty  alley.  The  neigh- 
borhood was  congested,  the  house  dark  and 
gloom  v.  Both  father  and  mother  drank  to 
excess. 

Elinor  was  quite  slow  in  some  of  her  studies 
at  first,  but  through  perseverance  won  and 
was  the  brightest  pupil  in  her  class  at  the 
end  of  the  year. 


ch 


v 


-*■  -A-     '    X 

zj®  v- 


18 


(Open  Air  (Truflaurrs 


A  KIM)  landlord  had  sealed  up  all  the 
windows  in  John's  basement  home  so 
thai  it  was  impossible  to  open  any  of  them. 
Damp,  'Hit.  and  disorder  made  a  bad  combi- 
nation lor  the  five  children  whose  father  had 
dud  ..ii  uberculosis,  and  whose  mother  could, 

.it    best,  earn  less  than  five  dollars  a  week  by 

day-work. 

h  was  not  strange  that  in  school  John  at 
appeared  to  be  very  dull.  The  outdoor 
air  and  nourishing  food  combined,  however, 
to  make  him  improve  very  rapidly,  and  by 
the  end  of  the  year  he  was  standing  among 
the  highest  in  his  lessons. 


John  (!). 


3F 


t£*       c5* 


RIEDA  lived  in  a  large,  airy  flat  in  a  fairly 
good  neighborhood,  Her  mother  had 
consumption  and  of  the  nine  children, 
three  showed  traces  of  infection.  Frieda  had 
a  slight  cough  and  marked  loss  of  appetite 
and  weight  , 

She  had  been  considered  almost  a  hopeless 
case  in  school  so  far  as  ability  to  keep  up  with 
her  grade  was  concerned.  In  the  Open  Air 
School,  she  was  put  into  the  fifth  grade, 
showed  improvement  in  the  first  two  months, 
and  while  she  did  not  develop  into  a  brilliant 
student,  she  was  not  only  able  to  keep  up 
with  her  class  but  will  enter  sixth  grade  with 
them  in  the  fall. 


t£5       t£* 


/|t\\K  year  ago,  Joseph  had  a  severe  attack 
IJJ7  of  pneumonia.  It  was  followed  by  night- 
sweats,  chills  and  fever.  Heart  complica- 
tions increased  the  handicap  against  which 
the  lad  was  carrying  on  a  losing  fight  when 
the  nurse  found  him.  She  found  also  the 
mother  and  a  little  brother  in  the  incipient 
stages  of  tuberculosis  and  began  a  course  of 
home  instruction  which  has  brought  about 
marked  improvement  in  the  whole  family. 

Jose] ill  did  his  school  work  well  but  was 
three  years  behind  in  his  studies.  If  his 
health  continues  to  improve,  he  will  probably 
be  able  to  make  up  some  of  his  lost  time. 

19 


3Fri*ua  p. 


(Sraite 
5-fi 


JJusrpl)  <S.    Aur    (Sraftr 
11        3-4 


(Open  Atr  (Erusabrrs 


iflaurirr  itt.  Aur    (Srafcr 
ill        5-fi 


®Hc 


&arah  & 


)f  laws  to  compel  the  removal  of  the  tu- 
berculous from  the  homes  which  they 
endanger.  Maurice's  father,  who  was  in  the 
advanced  stages  of  consumption  and  would  not 
take  proper  precautions,  absolutely  refused  to 
go  away  for  free  treatment,  although  he  fully 
realized  that  his  presence  might  mean  infection 
for  others,  and  knew  that  his  wife  and  two  chil- 
dren had  not  enough  to  eat  while  he  remained 
at  home.  His  death  in  April  enabled  his 
wife  to  go  to  work  in  a  laundry  at  $6.00  a 
week,  which  remains  the  sole  income  of  the 
family.  The  little  girl  has  incurable  heart 
trouble.  Maurice  is  an  incipient  case  of 
tuberculosis. 

He  was  very  listless  during  much  of  the 
time  and  seemed  too  tired  to  do  his  school 
work.  Toward  the  end  of  the  year  he  im- 
proved, and  as  he  led  the  school  in  gain  in 
weight  during  the  month  of  June,  he  will 
doubtless  do  much  better  work  next  year. 


w 


'HEX  found  by  the  nurse,  Sarah  was 
sleeping  in  an  eight  by  ten  bedroom  with 
one  six  by  three  window  which  was 
usually  closed.  Two  brothers  slept  in  the 
same  room.  One  month  later,  the  records 
show  that  Sarah  was  sleeping  alone  in  a  large 
room  with  two  windows  wide  open. 

She  was  one  of  those  who  brought  reports 
of  slow  progress  in  other  schools.  She  seemed 
very  nervous,  listless  and  physically  unable 
to  work.  On  coming  to  the  Open  Air  School 
she  made  a  great  effort  to  succeed  and  her 
work  showed  great  improvement. 


20 


(i)j.mt  Air  (Enuiaiifni 


*TjtT  A  K  ^'  'S  father  died  of  pulmonary  tuber- 
jJVK  culosis  when  Mary  was  two  years  old. 
Her  brother  was  also  tubercular  and  had 
been  a1  the  Naperville  Sanitorium  for  treal 
menl .  Her  mother  supported  the  three  child 
dren  by  night  scrubbing.  The  little  rear 
cottage  where  they  lived  was  scrupulously 
<  lean  and  Mary  had  excellenl  tare. 

She  was  a  bright  student  but  so  frail  thai 
she  could  ii"t  l«i'  allowed  to  do  as  much  work 
as  she  was  mentally  capable  of  accomplishing. 
She  took  great  interest  in  her  lessons  and 
was  apt    tn   work   beyond   her  strength. 


c5*  0?* 


grille    rag   shop  over   which    Margaret    and 
^/   John    made   their  home   was  reported  to 

the  Health  Department  as  a  disease- 
breeding  spot,  and  the  family  were  compelled 
to  move  to  more  sanitary  surroundings. 
Of  the  family  of  ten,  six  have  tuberculosis. 
Little  Margaret  has  had  a  hard  struggle  to 
complete  the  first  grade.  She  entered  school 
for  the  first  time  in  September,  1908.  Early 
in  October  of  that  year  she  contracted  scarlet 
lexer  and  was  out  of  school  until  January, 
i()io,  when  she  was  admitted  to  the  Open 
Air  School.  She  was  present  twenty-six  days 
when  she  met  with  an  accident  which  kept 
her  at  home  five  weeks.  She  is  an  exception- 
ally bright  child  and  if  she  could  be  present 
an  entire  school  year,  would  easily  make 
two  grades,  but  she  is  not  strong  enough  to 
warrant  us  in  pushing  her  in  her  work. 

John  was  very  listless  at  the  beginning  of 
the  year.  The  physical  attitudes  he  assumed 
indicated  exhaustion  of  body  and  mind. 
After  the  first  month,  his  work  showed 
marked  improvement  until  May,  when  he 
again   lost   interest   for  a  short   time   but   he 

■  than  made  up  for  it  during  the  month 
•  if  June. 


jjtjtlLDRED  slept  with  her  sister  in  an  eight 

jJVK  by.ten  bedroom  with  one  small   window 

less  than  one  foot  from  the  next  building. 

Her    father    was    an    Italian    laborer    on    an 


fflary  &>.       Aur    (Srafir- 
12       B-f 


fttarnarrt  $•   A«r  (Btabt 
7        1-2 


Jlnlm  tB.         Anr   (Braitr 

12     B-r 


21 


(0prn  Air  (Erusadrni 


fHtlbrrii  (£. 


Agr 
12 


(Sra&c 
7-8 


©litirr  3H. 
Wyburn  U. 


Agr 
fi 


(Sraor 
1-1 


Agr   Gkafor 
4       1-1 


average  income  of  ten  dollars  a  week.     There 
were  four  other  children  in  the  family. 

Mildred  worried  lest  the  Open  Air  School 
might  be  discontinued,  for  she  knew  that 
would  end  her  school  education,  as  she  is 
unable  to  climb  stairs  or  to  attend  school 
indoors.  She  was  so  eager  to  attend  school 
this  year  that  she  tried  three  times  during 
September  but  failed,  being  present  only 
two  and  one  half  days  in  all.  In  February 
she  heard  of  the  Open  Air  School,  made 
application  at  once  and  was  admitted.  Her 
physician  had  forbidden  her  attendance  at 
school  and  had  advised  her  living  out  of 
doors.  Her  health  has  improved  very  much 
and  she  never  had  a  headache  after  com- 
ing to  the  school.  She  used  to  suffer  con- 
stantly while  at  home.  She  studied  very 
hard  indeed  and  was  delighted  to  think  that 
she  was  able  to  finish  the  seventh  grade  Jin 
half  the  time  required. 


%&fr  t&* 


/fj\  LIVER  and  Wyburn  have  a  history  of 
v!F  tuberculosis  on  both  sides  of  the  family. 
Their  own  father  and  their  mother's 
father  died  of  the  disease  and  the  father's 
sister  is  now  an  advanced  case.  Since  the 
father's  death,  the  children  have  attended 
the  Mary  Crane  Nursery.  Although  they 
come  from  a  good  home,  where  they  receive 
excellent  care,  they  have  always  been  pale, 
undersized  and  delicate.  Last  fall  both 
children  had  tonsils  and  adenoids  removed. 

( )liver  is  an  extremely  intelligent  child  and 
could  easily  have  made  the  grade  in  the  eigh- 
teen weeks  that  he  attended  school.  But 
he  is  very  nervous  and  it  was  thought  best 
to  allow  him  a  full  year  in  the  grade  so  that 
he  might  progress  slowly  and  naturally 
without  any  urging. 

Wyburn  was  too  young  to  enter  the  school 
but  he  was  allowed  to  gather  whatever 
crumbs  of  knowledge  he  was  able  to  assim- 
ilate. He  very  rarely  awoke  to  attend  the 
afternoon  sessions.  He  learned  to  read  and 
write  a  little  but  care  was  taken  not  to  overtax 
his  strength. 


22 


(Open  Afr  (Uruaaiicrfi 


i^tHARLES  came   from   ;i   home   where   all 

vi'  conditions     seemed     favorable     to     the 

development  of  a  healthy  boyhood.     His 

father  made  a  good  living;  there  were  only 
two  children;  the  family  lived  in  a  large 
house  of  their  own.  with  a  big  yard;  Charles 
slept  alone  in  a  light,  airy  bedroom.  The 
mother   was   not    Strong    bu1    had    never   been 

diagnosed  as  tubercular.  Yet  Charles  had 
the  typical  symptoms  of  the  incipient  stages 
oi  '  u! lerculosis. 

In  school  he  was  very  quiet  at  first  and 
showed  no  interest  in  the  other  children,  bu1 
he  was  soon  as  active  as  any  of  them.  lie 
was  among  those  who  were  very  insistent  for 
Imme  work.  In  fact,  he  talked  so  much  at 
home  about  his  lessons  that  his  mother  urge  I 
that  he  he  allowed  to  take  his  books  with  him 
at  night  to  study.  As  all  home  work  was 
positively  forbidden,  his  request  could  no1 
be  granted.  Although  all  his  studying  was 
done  in  school  hours,  he  made  two  grades. 


IftXTiL  two  months  before  her  father  died 
lEi  of  tuberculosis,  Julia  slept  in  the  same 
bed  with  him.  Her  home  was  at  that 
time  in  a  dark,  damp  basement,  where  the 
sunshine  never  came.  Her  mother  worked  in 
a  tailoring-shop  for  nine  dollars  a  week  and 
the  grandmother  took  care  of  the  three 
children. 

Julia  was  exceptionally  poor  in  all  her 
studies  when  she  entered  the  school.  She 
improved  rapidly,  however,  and  is  now  up  to 
grade  in  all  her  work. 


(Uharlrs  W.  Aur    (Siraur 


3-5 


3ulia  IK. 


Ane    (Sraur 
lil       2-3 


10*       10* 


JCARRY  was  described  by  his  former  teach- 
Hfl  er  as  "avery  nervous  child."  His  child- 
hood, together  with  seven  brothers  and 
sisters,  a  sickly  mother  and  an  abusive  father, 
was  spient  in  three  small  bare  rooms  on  the 
third  floor  of  an  old  tenement  building.  He 
never  had  any  playground  but  the  street. 
Harry  has  always  suffered  from  constipation 
and  pain  after  eating. 

Though  he  was  far  from  well  when  he  came 
to  the  school,  his  mind  was  very  active.      He 

23 


j£-K 


ifiarrij  IC.       A«r    (Sraitr 
14       5-fi 


(§V?n  Air  (Crusaders 


ttlaltrr  "$'     Mt  (fcraur 

-     12^  fi-r 

ittaraarrt  N.  A«r  Gkafcr 

ill  4-5 


Jfratirra  ©.  Anr    Gkabr 
13        4-4 


was  promoted  J-o  t>he  fiftih-  grade,  but  as  his 
health  falTe'rl  to  show  marked  improvement, 
he  was  sent  to  the  Winfi'eld  Sanitorium. 


t2&         «<5* 


WHE  father  of  Margaret  and  Walter  died 
\&/  of  haemorrhage  from  the  lungs  after  "a 
cough"  lasting  ten  years.  Their  mother 
has  been  coughing  and  spitting  blood  for 
five  years.  There  are  six  children,  four  of 
them  in  the  first  stages  of  tuberculosis,  with 
intestinal  complications  which  are  probably 
tubercular.  Of  the  two  bedrooms  in  their 
second-floor  rear  apartments,  one  was  fairly 
good;  the  other  opened  on  the  bath-room  and 
had  no  other  source  of  ventilation. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  school-year, 
Margaret  never  smiled  and  seemed  most 
unhappy,  but  before  school  was  over,  she 
took  a  far  more  cheerful  view  of  life,  lost  her 
discontented  look  and  did  much  better  work 
in  her  lessons. 

Walter  also  improved  wonderfully  in  dis- 
position. Though  he  had  been  sullen  and 
inclined  to  idleness  he  became  happy  and 
industrious  and  showed  a  marked  interest  in 
his   studies. 


JRANCES  is  one  of  thirteen  children  who 
lived  in  a  little  frame  cottage  directly 
back  of  the  stockyards,  where  the  odor 
was  nauseating.  Her  father  died  one  year 
ago  of  tuberculosis.  The  visiting  nurse  had 
never  been  able  to  induce  him  to  take  the 
slightest  precautions.  He  expectorated  in 
the  sink  and  on  the  floor,  and  forbade  any 
one  of  the  family  to  open  a  window.  The 
only  outside  air  which  this  household  of 
fifteen  got  at  night  came  through  a  broken 
window-glass  which  they  were  too  poor  to 
replace.  Frances  slept  with  her  mother  who 
was  also  tuberculous.  She  could  not  afford 
milk  and  until  it  was  supplied  her,  break- 
fasted on  bread  and  coffee. 

in  school,  Frances  made  the  least  progress 
of  any  of  the  children.     She  was  such  a  little 

24 


Otynt  Air  (Eraflaitera 


weakling  that  she  was  allowed  to  rest  during 
the  entire  afternoon,  very  rarely  indeed  com 
ing  into  the  tent  for  afternoon  recitations. 
However,  during  the  month  of  June,  she 
showed  much  mure  interest  than  a1  any  time 
during  i  he  yea  r 


Eileen's      mother 


UH  \\  infield    Si 


was  at  the 
aniUinum  f<  >r  Tuberculosis, 
the  five  young  children  left  at  home  saw 
an  older  sister  die  a  most  painful  and  pro- 
longed deatli  from  the  same  disease.  They 
all  slept  in  rooms  connected  by  archways,  so 
that  although  the  inclosed  space  was  large, 
it  was  practically  the  same  room.  The 
family  were  very  poor. 

Eileen's  report  showed  that  she  was  absent 
from  school  seventy-five  days  during  the 
preceding  year.  In  the  Open  Air  School,  she 
was  very  slow  in  her  work  at  first,  but  took  a 
great  deal  of  interest  in  her  lessons  and  made 
rapid  progress. 


TjTRAXK  and  Joseph  lived  with  their 
JV  mother  and  little  sister  on  the  third  floor, 
rear,  of  a  crowded  tenement.  Their 
father  deserted  and  went  back  to  Bohemia 
just  before  the  sister  was  born.  The  mother 
made  an  uncertain  living  by  finishing  coats, 
at  which  she  seldom  earned  as  much  as 
three  dollars  a  week.  The  children  helped  by 
1  mlling    basting-threads.       When    found,    the 

-man  was  in  the  incipient  stage  of  tuber- 
cub  >sis  and  her  eyesight  was  failing  fast. 
Dispensary  treatment  and  glasses  were  \ di- 
vided and  the  family  was  pensioned  for  six 
months  so  that  the  mother  could  take  a  rest. 
She  obeyed  instructions,  responded  readily 
to  treatment  and  is  now  an  arrested  case  and 
able  to  work  a  little,  though  the  income  sti 
has  to  be  supplemented. 

Frank  was  in  second  grade  when  he  came 
to  the  school.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  he  lost 
several  weeks  while  detained  at  home  with  the 
measles,  he  will  enter  fifth  grade  in  the  fall. 

Joseph  was  one  of  the  liveliest  little  ones 
that  we  had  in  the  school,  but  he  takes  as 
much  interest  in  his  work  as  in  his  play 
and   completed   two   grades   during  the  year. 

25 


tilrru  itt.     A«r    (BraiV 
lfl       3-4 


Shrank  % 
3mirjilj  1*i. 


A«r  Gkaitr 
11        2-5 

Artr  (Sraiir 
8         2-4 


(Dpen  Air  (£ruHabrn 


itturris  A.    Aar    (Sraiir 
in        3-4 


«* 


♦  ? 


j|U|ORRIS  comes  from  a  family  where  the 
ill  mother  and  five  brothers  and  sisters  all 
show  in  thin  faces,  dull  eyes  and  sallow 
skins  the  results  of  under-nourishment  and 
poor  living  conditions.  Morris  and  his 
father,  who  has  had  a  "cough"  for  a  year, 
slept  in  a  basement  bedroom  with  one  window 
open  just  a  little  because  the  mother  was 
afraid  of  the  night  air. 

Morris  was  very  poor  in  his  work  when  he 
first  entered  the  school.  He  took  no  interest 
in  his  lessons  and  required  to  be  urged  to 
accomplish  any  seat  work  at  all.  His  interest 
increased  very  rapidly,  however,  and  he 
induced  several  of  his  playmates  to  seek 
admittance  to  the  school.  Since  they  were  in 
robust  health,  we  were  obliged  to  refuse  their 
request.  As  his  health  improved,  his  interest 
in  his  studies  became  so  great  that  he  deemed 
rest  periods  a  waste  of  time,  for  he  was  anxious 
to  spend  every  minute  possible  upon  his  work. 


(Earnr  (£. 


An?    (Sraiir 
12        5-0 


t5*       t<5* 


SX  spite  of  the  fact  that  Carrie's  father  is  in 
the  second  stage  of  tuberculosis  and  she 
herself  is  an  incipient  case,  she  was  not 
permitted  to  go  to  Algonquin  with  the  other 
children  because  of  her  approaching  confirma- 
tion. "If  she  is  sick,"  said  the  clergyman,  in 
the  child's  presence,  "all  the  more  reason 
why  she  should  be  confirmed.  She  is  going 
to  die  anyway." 

Carrie  found  great  difficulty  in  mastering 
her  studies  but  she  was  very  anxious  to 
succeed  and  although  she  was  obliged  to  be 
absent  during  June,  she  will  enter  the  sixth 
grade  in  the  fall. 


26 


(Open  Air  (CrmmiUTS 


the  oldest  of  five  children.      Hei 
i  cigar-maker,  supports  his  family 


Their 
fairly 


Jill  Til    is 
VX  father,- 

..I    1  en   on  a    Wage  "I    $]  3.OO  a    week. 

second  story    rooms  arc  very  clean  and 
well  lighted. 

The  family  came  to  the  country  from  Kiev, 
Russia,  when  Ruth  was  eleven  years  old. 
She  speaks  purer  English,  however,  than 
many  of  the  children  born  in  America.  She 
is  very  anxious  to  become  proficient  in  all 
branches  of  study  taught  in  our  schools  and 
unless  carefully  watched,  is  apt  to  work 
beyond  her  strength.  She  made  two  grades 
this  year. 


lUtth  E 


<B 


&5*       ti5* 

ONY  came  to  this  country  from  Italv 
six  years  ago.  He  has  never  been  well 
e.  His  father,  a  laborer,  is  able  to 
rent  only  four  small  rooms,  facing  on  a  dirty 
alley.  Tony  slept  with  his  two  brothers  in 
1  dark  bedroom  with  one  window  which  was 
never  opened.  His  parents  refused  to  let 
the  boy  go  to  Camp  Algonquin  with  the 
other  Open  Air  School  children  in  June 
because  they  wanted  him  to  learn  the  barber 
trade  and  not  until  threatened  with  the 
Juvenile  Court  would  they  consent  to  his 
gi  ling. 

Tony's  report  from  the  schoorfrom  which 
he  came  was  most  discouraging,  both  as 
regards  scholarship  and  deportment;  in 
fact,  a  petition  had  already  been  filed  to  have 
him  transferred  to  the  Parental  School  as 
unmanageable.  Though  thirteen  years  old, 
he  was  only  in  the  fourth  grade.  After  being 
at  the  Open  Air  School  a  short  time,  he  showed 
such  a  desire  to  improve  that  he  was  allowed 
to  try  the  fifth  grade  work,  and  in  June  was 
passed  into  t  he  six!  h  grade. 


13 


5-7 


amuj  p. 


Aur    (Sraur 
13        4-fi 


JI 


27 


(Dprn  Air  Ouaaftrrs 


Eluabrth  fHrffinrmtrk  ^riionl  &ott$B 


For  we  have  — 

Cold  sprays  that  give  us 

Cheeks  like  the  rose, 

Temperatures  that  are  normal, 

This  our  record  shows, 

Appetites  so  hearty, 

Our  weight  grows  and  grows. 

We're  the  Elizabeth  McCormick 

Cold  air  Eskimos. 

That  goes. 

Eat,  eat,  keep  on  eating, 
Sleep,  sleep,  keep  on  sleeping, 
Breathing  fresh  air  night  and  day, 
Happy  in  our  work  and  play. 

We're  going  to  the  country, 

Hurrah !   Hurrah ! 

We'll  take  our  blankets  with  us, 

Our  Eskimo  suits  of  gray. 

We'll  take  our  teacher  with  us, 

Hurrah!   Hurrah! 

For  off  to  fair  Algonquin 

We're  on  our  way. 

Now,  if  you'll  kindly  listen, 

We'll  tell  you  why 

It's  easy  to  grow  husky 

And  never,  never  dje. 

We're  going  to  the  country, 

It's  truly  so, 

And  it's  eat  and  sleep  and  good  fresh  air 

That  makes  us  grow. 

If  thirty-three  per  cent  of  the  children  of  the  state  leave  school 
before  the  "close  of  their  twelfth  year,  wc  must  manage  somehow  to 
give  them,  before  we  lose  control  of  them,  a  fair  working  knowledge 
of  the  disease  and  how  to  prevent  it.  Rogers. 

28 


(Opnt  Air  (Ennui  firm 


THE    HARTFORD   (CONNECTICUT)   SCHOOL   YELL 

Who  arc  we?     Who  are  we? 

We  don't   drink  coffee,  we  don't  drink  tea. 

We're  Tor  fresh  air  day  and  night. 

We're  going  to  keep  healthy 

All  right,  all  right. 


A    CHICAGO   TUBERCULOSIS    INSTITUTE   SCHOOL  SONG 

Tii  take  our  food  and  chew  it  all, 

Is  as  necessary  quite 
As  learning  how  to  read  and  spell, 

Do  'rithmetic  and  write. 
So  when  we  chew,  let's  count  to  ten 

Before  the  bite  goes  down, 
This  happy  little  school  will  then 

Be  the  healthiest  in  town. 


Shall  we  avail  ourselves  of  the  knowledge  we  have,  and  address 
our  efforts  to  the  real  work,  which  is  not  to  be  found  altogether  in 
quarantine,  disinfection,  establishing  dispensaries,  furnishing  hos- 
pitals, camps  or  school,  but  in  preventing  disease  in  the  home,  and 
in  the  school  by  training  our  children's  bodies  to  resist  disease? 

Goler. 

I  would  rather  ride  on  earth  in  an  ox-car t  with  a  free  circulation 
than  go  to  Heaven  in  the  fancy  car  of  an  excursion  train  and  breathe 
bad  air  all  the  way.  Henry  David  Tiioreau. 

Watch  the  child  as  the  potential  tuberculosis  seedling. 

Philip. 

The  need  of  protecting  the  child  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  about 
fifty  per  cent  of  children  living  in  the  crowded  districts  become 
infected  by  the  time  they  are  five  years  old.  Regulation  of  home 
conditions,  better  school  hygiene,  the  segregation  of  actively  tuber- 
culous children,  and  open  air  schools  for  those  who  have  latent 
tuberculosis  are  measures  that  should  be  applied  more  extensively; 
the  more  so  because  the  child  shows  a  strong  tendency  to  recover, 
and  the  application  of  open  air  methods  seem  even  more  effectual  in 
children  than  in  adults  in  preventing  and  curing  the  disease. 

Trudeau. 

31 


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(Eltaptrr  ®um 

eThr  8>tanj  of  tin*  £>riuml 


Tuberculosis  a  Heavy  Burden  upon  Charity  Organizations. —  Only 
Salvation  is  Prevention.  Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School 
a  Preventive  Measure. — Co-operation  of  School  Board  Secured. 
Rod  of  Mary  Crane  Nursery  Chosen  as  Site. —  Grant  Given 
i  ro.m  Elizabeth  McCormick  Memorial  Fund.— Need  of  School 
Shown  by  Family  Poverty,  Children  Debarred  from  Summer 
Outings,  Children  Backward  in  School. —  School  Opened  Octo- 
ber 6,  1910;  Enrollment  Increased  from  25  to  35. —  Eskimo  Suits 
Provided;  Other  Clothing. —  Equipment  of  Nursery  Building.— 
Roof  Equipment,  Pine  Trees,  Study  Tent,  School  Supplies,  Shel- 
ter Tent,  Store-room,  Toilet. — The  Month  at  Camp  Algonquin. — 
Results  of  School,  Educational  and  Physical. —  Its  Influence 
upon  Handicapped  Children;  upon  Normal  Children. —  As  an 
Educational  Force,  Children  are  Better  Than  ('harts. 


33 


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E 
E- 


(Hhr  Start*  nf  thr  ^rluml 


Perhaps  the  heaviest  burden  laid  upon  the  United  Charities  of 
Chicago  by  any  single  cause  is  that  which  results  from  tuberculosis. 
It  lias  for  many  years  constituted  a  great  relief  problem,  but  with  the 
development  of  a  system  of  tuberculosis  clinics  in  any  large  city,  a 
new  and  magnified  duty  as  well  as  a  new  opportunity  arc  laid  upon 
the  heart  and  conscience  of  its  charity  workers.  Every  day  brings 
to  their  attention  men,  women  and  children  who  can  be  saved  if 
given  a  chance.  This  has  been  demonstrated  again  and  again  in 
every  large  city  in  the  past  few  years  but  the  price  must  be  paid. 
While  consumption  is  no  respecter  of  persons,  the  greater  number  of 
its  victims  are  found  in  the  homes  of  the  poor.  We  recently  made 
a  study  of  the  income  in  200  families  in  which  there  is  one  or  more 
cases  of  tuberculosis.  They  were  living  on  about  six  dollars  a  week. 
The  average  number  of  rooms  occupied  was  a  little  over  three. 
You  cannot  have  consumption  in  three  rooms  on  six  dollars  a  week 
with  any  success.  The  poor  cannot  afford  it;  the  community  cannot 
afford  it.  The  entire  budget  of  the  best  financed  charity  organization 
in  the  world  cannot  adequately  provide  diets,  sleeping  appliances  for 
porches,  better  living  quarters,  rent  and  an  equivalent  for  wages, 
which  will  give  necessary  rest  and  cessation  from  toil  to  the  victims 
of  the  disease.  The  only  salvation  is  prevention.  Direct  warfare 
against  the  "White  Plague"  must  be  supplemented  by  flank  move- 
ments which  will  make  more  and  more  territory  impossible  for  the 
disease.  Increased  resistance  and  bodily  vigor  are  essential  and  the 
foundations  must  be  laid  in  childhood. 

The  Open  Air  School  conducted  through  the  year  of  1909-1910 
by  the  United  Charities  of  Chicago  in  co-operation  with  the  Board  of 
Education  was  one  such  effort.  During  the  preceding  summer,  the 
Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute  had  conducted  an  Open  Air  School 
for  thirty  children  for  about  as  many  days.  It  gathered  together  a 
group  of  limp,  pallid,  physically  blighted  children.  They  were 
listless,  inattentive,  uninterested  and  uninteresting.  There  was  not 
energy  enough  created  in  the  body  to  light  the  mind.  A  thirty  days' 
regime  of  intelligent  care  and  feeding,  of  exercise  and  rest  resulted 
in  an  average  gain  of  four  pounds,  and  in  the  opinion  of  the  teachers 
and  other  observers,  brought  these  pupils  up  to  the  normal  standard 
in  alertness  and  ability  to  sit  up  and  take  instruction  and  to  keep  up 

35 


COprn  Air  (Crmuiiirrs 


sustained  interest  in  their  school  work.  In  the  minds  of  many  people 
this  seemed  all  very  well  as  a  warm  weather  enterprise,  but  they  felt 
that  it  would  necessarily  be  put  aside  with  summer  clothing  at  the 
approach  of  cold  weather.  To  convince  these  doubters  and  to  profit 
by  progress  already  made,  it  seemed  very  desirable  that  the  experi- 
ment should  be  conducted  here,  as  it  had  been  elsewhere  during  the 
winter. 

The  problem  of  securing  a  site  suitable  for  winter  work  was  much 
more  difficult.  Fortunately  for  the  city  of  Chicago,  through  the 
generosity  of  Mr.  R.  T.  Crane  and  his  children,  the  Mary  Crane 
Nursery  afforded  just  the  place  needed.  The  Nursery  is  a  four-story 
structure  with  a  roof  forty  by  seventy  feet,  constructed  with  the 
possibility  of  being  used  for  a  playground.  On  this  roof  is  an  open 
air  tent  made  of  asbestos  board  which  is  used  in  the  summer  time  for 
the  open  air  treatment  of  sick  babies.  This  seemed  to  be  the  best 
available  site.     Its  equipment  was  ready  to  hand. 

The  school  was  made  possible  by  a  grant  from  the  Elizabeth 
McCormick  Memorial  Fund,  a  memorial  to  a  child  who  although  she 
lived  but  twelve  years,  displayed  a  most  unusual  personality  and 
exceptional  traits  of  character.  Her  interest  and  sympathy  for  the 
unfortunate,  her  thought  and  activities  in  their  behalf,  would  have 
done  credit  to  persons  of  maturity.  The  trustees  of  this  fund  are 
wisely  encouraging  and  making  possible  movements  that  promise 
far-reaching  social  significance. 

The  attention  of  the  United  Charities  has  been  fastened  upon  the 
physically  backward  child  through  many  avenues  of  experience : 

First,  it  deals  with  large  numbers  of  families  in  which  the  bread 
winner  is  either  incapacitated  by  tuberculosis  or  has  died  from  it, 
This  brings  about  privation  which  makes  it  almost  inevitable  that 
the  children  should  contract  disease. 

Then  in  its  extensive  summer  outing  work,  it  has  seen  the  bitter 
disappointment  of  children  who,  because  of  their  weakened  physical 
condition,  were  rejected  by  the  doctors,  since  they  could  not  safely 
romp  and  play  with  other  children. 

Following  this  matter  up,  we  found  large  numbers  of  children 
throughout  the  city,  who,  on  account  of  this  condition,  could  not 
safely  go  to  school,  and  if  in  school,  could  not  take  the  curriculum 
offered.  Many  leading  authorities  believe  that  much  tuberculous 
infection  is  acquired  in  early  life;  that  during  childhood  the  tuber- 
culosis focus  remains  inactive,  but  as  the  child  reaches  adolescence 
and  is  subjected  to  the  confinement  and  strain  of  school  life,  or  later 
in  adult  life  meets  the  strain  then  put  upon  him,  the  lessening  of  the 
bodily  resistance  is  sufficient  to  permit  the  organisms  to  gain  the 
upper  hand,  and  active  tuberculosis  in  some  form  develops. 


36 


Open  Air  (UrmuiiUTii 


It  is  not  easy,  and  sometimes  not  possible,  to  avoid  the  strain  put 
upon  persons  by  the  stress  of  home  and  business  life,  but  it  should  be 
entirely  within  our  power  to  modify  or  altogether  to  remove  harmful 
conditions  and  excessive  strain  in  connection  with  school  life.     Any 


one  who  has  read  the  stories  of  the  thirty  children  given  in  detail 
in  the  opening  chapter  of  this  book  must  be  impressed  with  the  futility 
of  imposing  upon  such  children  the  average  school  regime --of  forc- 
ing them  into  rooms  which  are  frequently  overheated,  where  there  is 
little  or  no  moisture  in  the  air,  where  in  deference  to  ventilating 
systems  which  often  do  not  ventilate,  they  are  forced  to  spend  long 
hours  in  stiff  and  cramped  positrons  and  to  perforin  tasks  that  are 
impossible  to  their  minds,  dull,  feeble  and  inactive  as  they  are,  be- 
cause of  the  undernourished  and  devitalized  little  bodies.  Some  of 
these  little  people  came  a  distance  of  four  miles  to  the  Open  Air 
School.  It  is  pathetic  to  think  that  such  progress  and  such  a  response 
are  obtained  with  comparative  ease  when  one  knows  that  there  are 
thousands  of  such  children  in  this  city  alone.  No  more  convincing 
object  lesson  was  in  existence  anywhere  in  Chicago  last  year  than 

37 


(Onru  Air  (tnwaftrrs 


these  little  Eskimo  clad  people,  on  the  roof  four  stories  in  the  air 
through  all  the  kinds  of  weather  that  could  come  out  of  the  northwest 
or  across  the  lake  during  the  whole  severe  winter  of  1 909-1 910. 

They  not  only  made  this  gain  for  themselves  but  they  have 
helped  to  open  the  windows  and  get  better  air  for  all  the  children  in 
the  city  of  Chicago.  Through  the  energetic  action  of  our  wise  and 
capable  superintendent  of  schools,  doors  and  windows  of  all  the  rooms 
in  all  of  the  schools  are  to  be  opened  three  times  a  day.  and  so  finally 
the  children  have  won  over  the  ventilating  system. 

On  October  5,  1909.  six  children  who  had"  been  receiving  open  air 
instruction  on  a  sheltered  porch  at  Hull  House  were  brought  to  the 
Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School.  With  this  as  a  nucleus,  the 
number  quickly  increased.  They  came  from  tuberculosis  clinics, 
visiting  nurses,  settlements,  charity  workers,  public  and  private, 
from  every  agency  that  dealt  with  physically  backward  children. 
The  enrollment,  at  first  limited  to  twenty-five,  was  increased  to 
thirtv-five,  because  the  pressure  for  admission  was  so  great.  Four 
girls  too  old  for  school  work  were  given  light  work  n  the  Nursery 
and  shared  in  the  benefits  of  the  especially  prepared  food  and  the 
rest  period  of  the  pupils.  Still,  many  more  were  turned  away.  In 
all.  fifty-four  made  application  for  admission  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
the  idea  was  new  to  Chicago,  and  many  people  prophesied  that  the 
school  could  not  and  would  not  with  safety  to  the  pupils  be  held  on 
the  roof  during  the  winter. 

To  prevent  the  fulfilment  of  so  dismal  a  prophesy,  the  children 
were  protected  against  the  cold  by  picturesque  Eskimo  suits  made  of 
heavy  blankets  which  they  slipped  on  over  their  ordinary  clothing. 
The  peaked  caps  were  sewed  firmly  to  the  jackets  and  could  be  thrown 
back  if  desired.  Both  boys  and  girls  wore,  tucked  into  lumberman's 
boots,  loose-fitting  blanket  trousers  which  combined  warmth  with 
the  utmost  freedom  of  movement.  Thick  gloves,  extra  blankets  and 
soapstones  for  use  on  extremely  cold  days  completed  the  outfit, 
the  expense  of  which  was  borne  entirely  by  the  fund  mentioned. 
All  these  garments  were  the  property  of  the  school  and  each  child 
was  held  responsible  for  nightly  putting  his  own  suit  into  his  own 
locker.  For  the  teacher  a  fur-lined  coat  and  a  fur  cap  were  provided. 
In  addition  to  the  clothing  for  school  wear,  in  some  cases  it  was 
found  necessary  to  provide  underclothing,  rubbers  and  overcoats 
which  remained  the  property  of  the  individual  children. 

The  day  nursery  on  the  roof  of  which  the  school  was  held  pre- 
sented peculiar  advantages  as  a  laboratory  for  carrying  on  such  an 
experiment.  The  equipment  of  the  building,  which  included  shower- 
bath  and  dispensary  on  the  first  floor,  dining-room  and  kitchen  on 
the  third  floor,  store-room  and  tent  on  the  roof,  toilet  rooms  on  the 

38 


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40 


($p*tl  Air  (Crusa&rra 


first  floor  and  roof  and  elevator  service  were  given  freely  to  the  use 
of  the  school  children. 

The  roof,  illustrated  on  the  following  page,  is  completely  inclosed 
by  a  high  framework  covered  by  wire  netting.  Against  this  netting 
young  evergreen  trees  replaced  during  the  winter  the  vines  which 
covered  the  meshes  in  the  summer  months.  The  trees  not  only 
served  the  extremely  practical  purpose  of  a  good  windbreak  bu1  lent 
a  perpetual  air  of  Christmas  festivity  to  the  place  which  was  reflected 
in  the  joyous  faces  and  merry  spirits  of  the  children.  When  Christ- 
mas Day  really  came,  the  little  trees  were  literally  used  for  the  pur- 
pose for  which  Nature  had  so  evidently  created  them  and  stood  about 
the  roof  bedecked  with  the  simple  gifts  which  the  children  had  made 
for  themselves  and  for  the  teacher  and  covered  with  the  glittering 
crystals  of  the  snow.  Germany  took  her  sick  children  to  the  pine 
forests  to  school;  Boston  put  her  little  patients  into  classrooms  on 
the  roof;  it  remained  for  Chicago  to  bring  the  trees  to  the  children 
and  give  her  pupils  a  forest  school  on  a  cite  roof. 

Completely  encircling  the  tent  which  stood  among  the  trees  were 
windows  which  swung  out,  canopy  fashion,  making  an  open  zone 
clear  around  the  tent.  These  windows  could  he  dropped  on  the  side 
from  which  a  storm  might  come. 

The  teacher,  the  supervisor  of  the  school  work,  as  well  as  the  desks, 
blackboards  and  all  equipment  were  provided  by  the  Board  of 
Education.  Xo  heat  whatever  was  furnished  in  the  tent  but  heated 
soapstoncs  were  placed  at  the  feet  in  extremely  cold  weather.  No 
one  seemed  to  have  difficulty  at  any  time  in  handling  pen  or  pencil 
although  the  thermometer  often  went  below  zero. 

Outside  of  the  inclosed  tent  was  a  large  shelter  tent  which  con- 
sisted simply  of  a  canvas  top,  without  sides,  to  protect  from  rain  or 
extreme  heat.  Here  the  children  took  their  daily  naps,  tied  up 
snugly  in  their  warm  sleeping  bags  and  stretched  out  full-length 
on  canvas  cots.  The  younger  children  and  those  who  were  least  well, 
<  »fi en  s]  icnt  t  lie  entire  afternoon  in  rest  and  no  one  fras  urged  to  come 
into  the  tent  to  school  if  the  teacher  was  convinced  that  the  sleep 
would  do  him  mor<  m  I.  Though  the  physical  development  was 
thus  apparently  put  ahead  of  the  mental  growth,  a  glance  at  the 
record  of  advancement  made  by  the  pupils  shows  clearly  that  the 
mind  was  very  far  from  suffering  by  such  treatment. 

At  the  other  end  of  the  shelter  tent  stood  a  long  table  011  which  the 
hot  lunch  was  served  at  nine  and  three-thirty.  A  small  store-room 
on  the  roof  gave  space  for  the  dish-cupboard  and  gas-stove  where  the 
lunches  could  easily  be  prepared  by  the  cook.  On  the  other  side  of 
the  store-room  were  lockers  for  wraps  and  supplies. 

Store-room,  toilet  and  asbestos  tent  were  already  on  the  roof;  the 

41 


(§\m\  Air  (Trusabrra 


OPEN      Al  R. 
DO  B  M  ITO  E  V 


R.0OF     GARDEN 


::: 


77- 


Maby  Crane   Nursery-  Chicago 

Roof   Plan 

Pond  a.  Pond  -Architects 

Scale       w  '  '  •  is no  ns  rjo 


shelter  tent  was  the  only  addition  to  be  made  for  the  school.  The 
Elizabeth  McCormiek  Memorial  Fund  which  provided  for  the 
expenses  of  conducting  the  school  also  financed  the  Infant  Welfare 
Work  for  which  these  buildings  on  the  roof  had  been  previously 
erected. 

With  this  equipment  the  school  was  carried  on  from  October  to 
June.  In  June,  pupils  and  teacher  went  for  one  month  to  Camp 
Algonquin,  the  summer  camp  maintained  by  the  United  Charities, 
where  the  women  and  children  of  the  poorer  districts  of  the  city  are 
given  two- week  outings.  The  beautiful  grounds  on  the  bank  of  the 
Fox  River,  the  roomy  cottages,  the  immaculate  cleanliness  of  dormi- 
tory and  dining-hall,  the  joys  of  camp-fires,  base-ball,  swimming- 
pool,  oaks  and  brook  impressed  more  deeply  upon  the  minds  of  the 
children  the  high  standards  of  personal  conduct  and  pleasant  home 
life  which  it  had  been  one  special  aim  of  the  roof  school  to  inculcate. 
The  changes  also  afforded  opportunity  to  regulate  absolutely  all  the 
conditions  affecting  the  pupils  in  a  way  quite  impossible  in  the  city, 
where  they  must  return  at  night  to  homes  which,  in  spite  of  the  most 
conscientious  efforts  of  the  visiting  nurses,  sometimes  undid,  in  large 
measure,  the  good  received  during  the  day. 


42 


Otyni  Air  (Crmuiftrra 


The  results  of  the  year's  work  speak  for  themselves.  From  the 
teacher's  standpoint,  the  children  were  almost  without  exception 
below  grade.  They  broughl  records  of  slow  progress,  trouble  with 
tcaclu-rs,  irregular  attendance.  One  child  had  been  absenl  seventy- 
five  days  of  the  preceding  school  year;  another  was  already  destined 
for  the  Parental  School,  as  unmanageable:  in  the  open  air  school 
the  first  was  absent  only  six  days,  five  because  of  the  death  of  a  sister, 
and  the  other  completed  two  grades  and  became  one  of  the  most 
tractable  lads  among  the  pupils.  It  is  not  logical  to  ascribe  all  this 
improvement   in  conduct   and  scholarship  entirely  to  the  open  air 

inie.  The  largest  average  attendance  in  any  open  air  school 
from  which  reports  could  be  secured  was  thirty-five,  with  most  schools 
admitting  only  twenty-five,  and  some  only  fifteen.  The  average 
number  of  pupils  to  one  teacher  in  the  Chicago  public  schools  is 
forty-one;  in  many  small  town  schools  it  runs  as  high  as  sixty. 
Granted  the  same  kind  of  teacher  and  the  same  kind  of  pupils,  it 
would  not  be  fair  to  expect  the  one  with  sixty  youngsters  to  accom- 
plish as  much  with  each  individual  child  as  could  the  teacher  with 
twenty-five  pupils.  On  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the  sixty  would  be  in  one  or  two  grades,  while  the  twenty-five 
would  range  from  the  first  to  the  eighth  grade.  In  the  second  place, 
it  was  not  usually  the  average  teacher  who  was  chosen  to  take 
charge  of  the  open  air  room.  The  out-of-the-ordinary  in  the  school 
appealed  to  the  out-of-the-ordinary  teacher,  the  teacher  who  under 
average  conditions  would  probably  be  successful  in  bringing  back- 
ward pupils  up  to  grade  and  adjusting  questions  of  discipline.  But 
such  teachers  arc  handling  average  groups  of  children  and  Boston's 
investigation  showed  that  only  five  per  cent  of  the  average  school 
population  need  special  treatment.  Here  was  a  group  of  children, 
all  of  whom  were  sub-normal,  and  it  would  take  actual  demonstration 
to  prove  that  even  an  out-of-the-ordinary  teacher  could  bring  them 
successfully  through  the  year's  work  under  average  school  conditions. 
The  Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School  proved  that  it  could  be 
done  under  the  special  conditions  there  provided. 

So  far  as  the  physical  results  are  concerned,  the  records  show 
temperatures  lowered,  an  average  gain  in  weight  of  four  pounds, 
teeth  put  in  order  and  kept  clean,  adenoids  removed,  a  daily  bath 
insisted  upon,  little  bodies  weakened  by  disease  growing  strong  and 
vigorous  and  able  to  fight  back  against  the  handicaps  of  their  in- 
heritance and  environment. 

It  is  a  pitiful  thing  to  see  a  sick  child  whom  no  physician's  skill 
can  cure,  but  it  is  a  far  more  pitiful  thing  to  see  a  sick  child  doomed 
to  linger  along  through  a  fretful  childhood,  a  joyless  youth  and  an 
inefficient  manhood,  when  the  right  care  at  the  right  moment  might 

t:; 


(§pm  Air  (Eruaaitera 


have  made  him  a  normal,  healthy,  useful  human  being.  The  Eliza- 
beth McCormick  Open  Air  School  made  a  strong  plea  for  the  rights 
of  the  child  handicapped  by  tuberculosis  and  in  so  doing  joined  the 
ranks  of  those  who  plead  for  the  rights  of  all  handicapped  children, 
whoever  and  wherever  they  may  be.  But  it  did  more  than  that. 
It  had  a  very  marked  influence  in  bringing  about  better  ventilation 
for  the  schoolrooms  of  Chicago,  where  the  children  of  the  city  must 
sit  five  hours  a  day  during  the  school  year.  It  has  succeeded  in  mak- 
ing ventilation  a  live  issue  in  the  mind  of  the  average  parent,  instead 
of  relegating  it  to  the  technical  debates  of  engineers  and  school 
boards,  and  the  few  experts  who  realize  its  importance.  For  edu- 
cating the  general  public,  children  are  better  than  charts. 


SCHOOLGRAMS 

S.  C  K. 

What  shall  it  profit  a  child  if  he  gain  the  whole  curriculum  and 
lose  his  health? 

Two  things  of  which  there  is  enough  for  all  —  fresh  air  and  sun- 
shine.    Get  yours. 

The  only  air  available  from   dark  till   sunrise  is   "night  air." 
Breathe  it. 

Switzerland  requires  her  school  children  to  be  in  the  open  air  at 
least  ten  minutes  out  of  every  school  hour. 

A  question  that  should  be  asked  about  the  ventilating  system  of 
every  school  —  Does  it  ventilate? 

Teach  your  children  to  make  a  childhood  friend  of  the  open  air. 

The  only  night  air  which  is  injurious  is  last  night's.     Open  the 
window  and  let  it  out. 


44 


(Etjapter  ®lim 

Srtatls  of  thr  JBauaiirmcnt 

Type   of  Child    Admitted. —  Diagnostic    Points.— Records.— Duties 
of    Physician,    Nurse,    Matron.     Assistant    Matron    and    Cook. 
—  Diet  List. — Food  Values  of  Two  Menus  Served.    -Daily  Pro- 
cram.    -  Drinking  Milk  Insisted  Upon. —  Milk  Better  than  Choco- 
late.     Cold  Shower  Baths  Prove  Successful. — Children  Learn  ro 
Si  ii  i'  during  Rest  Period. —  Cots  Better  than  Steamer  Chairs- 
Gymnastics    Limited   to    Breathing   and    Marching    Exercises.— 
Clothing    Planned    for   Warmth,    Light    Weight  and  Activity. 
During  1910-1911,    the     School    will     Experiment    with    Water- 
proofed Material.  Paper-Lined. —  Type  of  Building  Best  Fitted 
for  Open  Air  Work  not  Yet  Determined. 


15 


The  Monthly  Examination  by  the  Physician  in  Charge 


Temperature  and  Pulse  Were  Recorded  Twice  Daily 

46 


Hftaihi  of  tlir  iflmuuirnmtt 

The  open  air  school  is  intended  for  any  child  in  poor  general 
physical  condition  who  is  not  suffering  from  open  tuberculosis  or 
Other  contagious  disease.  While  it  has  happened  that  a  large  per 
cent  of  the  children  who  are  usually  admitted  to  open  air  schools  are 
positively  tubercular,  it  is  not  at  all  intended  that  the  benefits  of 
these  schools  should  be  given  exclusively  to  that  class  of  children. 
As  it  was  primarily  planned,  however,  that  the  Elizabeth  McCormick 
<  >pen  Air  School  should  be  used  exclusively  for  tubercular  children, 
the  following  were  the  principal  diagnostic  points  used  in  de- 
termining  the  suitability  of  the  applicants: 

i.  Family  history.  (In  our  group,  63  per  cent  of  the  children  had  a 
case  of  positive  tuberculosis  in  their  immediate  family.) 

2.  General  type  of  body  and  state  of  nutrition. 

3.  Fever. 

4.  Cough. 

^.  Dullness  or  breath  changes.  (Rales  were  usually  found  to  indicate 
open  tuberculosis.) 

6.  Pirquet  test 

7.  Absence  of  tubercular  germs  in  sputum  or  throat  swabbing. 

A  great  deal  of  time  and  effort  was  used  to  keep  careful  and 
complete  records  during  the  entire  school  year.  The  records  con- 
sisted of: 

1.  Previous  school  record. 

(a)  Days  lost  during  the  previous  school  year. 

(b)  Mental  conditi<  >n. 

(c)  Relative  standing  so  far  as  grade  was  concerned. 

2.  Family  physical  history. 
Present  physical  condition  of  child. 
Temperature  and  pulse  twice  daily. 
Weight  once  a  week. 

Examination  by  physician  once  a  month. 

Examination  by  physician  on  account  of  any  special  indication. 
Living  condition  at  home   with,   special   reference  to  size  of  sleeping 

room  and  amount  of  light  and  air. 


To  obtain  such  full  information,  the  duties   of  the  staff  made 
each  member  responsible  for  a  certain  portion  of  the  records. 


(Oprn  Air  (EniBafora 


Duties  of  Physician  : 

i.     To  examine  children  for  admission. 

2.  To  make  monthly  examinations  and  also  special  examinations  as 
indicated. 

3.  To  supervise  records. 

4.  To  pass  on  all  routine  and  submit  same  to  consulting  staff  for 
approval. 

5.  To  arrange  diet. 

Nurse: 

1.  To  take  morning  temperature  and  observe  general  condition  of 
children  each  day. 

2.  To  report  any  case  of  a  rise  of  temperature  of  ioo°  or  more  or  any 
other  unusual  symptom  to  the  physician. 

3.  To  inspect  the  home  and  advise  parents  about   sleeping  rooms, 
food,  daily  routine,  etc. 

Matrox: 

1.  To  have  immediate  charge  of  all  physical  care  of  the  children 
while  in  the  school. 

2.  To  give  baths. 

3.  To  see  that  the  children  are  properly  clothed. 

4.  To  plan  meals. 

5.  To  take  the  afternoon  temperature. 

Assistant  Matron: 

1.  To  assist  the  matron. 

2.  To  look  after  washing  and  cleaning. 

3.  To  assist  the  cook. 

Cook: 

To  purchase,  prepare  and  serve  meals. 

As  a  general  guide  in  planning  the  meals,  the  following  sugges- 
tive diet  list  was  approved  by  the  consulting  staff: 

Breakfast  at  home: 

1  glass  of  milk. 

Cereal  with  cream  and  sugar. 

1  or  2  eggs. 

Bread  and  butter. 
Lunch  at  school,  9:00  a.  m. : 

1  glass  of  milk,  cold  or  hot,  and  bread;    or 

1  bowl  of  soup  and  bread. 
Dinner  at  school: 

2  glasses  of  milk  and  bread  and  butter. 
1  bowl  of  soup. 

Meat,   beef  or  mutton,   boiled,   roast,   stew  or  hash.      (Fish  or  eggs 

may  be  substituted.) 
Vegetables — (one)    pototoes,   peas  or  beans.      (Green  vegetable  also 

when  possible.) 
Dessert.      Fruit,  raw  or  stewed;  or  pudding. 
Lunch  at  school,  3:30  p.  m. : 

1  glass  milk,  bread  and  butter,  and  occasionally  jam,  jelly  or  molasses. 
Supper  at  home : 

1  glass  of  milk  and  bread. 
Meat  or  eggs. 

48 


hood 

AF      placed  on  fold  of  goods. 

I'V      straight  edge  of  goods:   stitch  in  flat  scam. 
ABC  face  line,  folded  back  when  in  use. 
El  )C  line  where  hood  is  attached  to  collar  of  suit. 
x  tapes  to  tie  hood  closely  about  the  face. 


DIRECTIONS    FOR    MAKING    THE    ESKIMO    SUITS. 

(By  Request.) 

The  Eskimo  suits  are  simply  double-breasted  pajamas  cut 
from  heavy  woolen  blankets.  The  suits  are  to  be  worn  over 
the  other  clothing,  so  large  sizes  are  used  and  the  legs  and 
sleeves  are  shortened  to  fit  the  individual.  To  the  collars  are 
fastened  hoods  with  tape  so  placed  as  to  tie  snugly  about  the 
face  in  severe  weather.  The  outfit  is  completed  by  a  pair  of 
heavy  felt  boots,  the  soles  covered  with  material  like  the  suit, 
with  a  thick  interlining  of  paper. 


49 


:nside    sleeping    bag 


MEAD 


FOOTPIECE 


OUTSiDG 

HEAD 


X 

I 

T. 

z 

y 

Directions  for   Making  Sleeping -Bag. 
(By  Request) 

Inside:    Shoddy  woolen  blanket  60  inches  by  80  inches. 

Footpiece:    1-6  of  blanket,  added  to  center  of  lower  line. 

Outside:  Dark  brown  canvas,  2$  inches  wide,  cut  in  three 
strips,  64  inches,  64  inches  and  94  inches,  respectively,  and 
stitched  together  as  shown  in  cut. 

Edges  of  canvas  are  folded  back  to  cover  edges  of  blanket, 
leaving  1  inch  edge  of  double  canvas. 

Crosses  show  position  of  12-inch  tapes. 

In  use,  flaps  are  folded  in  order  as  indicated. 


50 


(i)pru  Air  (IrmutiUTu 


h  is  intended  that  each  child  should  drink-  al  least  three  pinl  of 
milk  a  daw  Where  the  home  conditions  are  such  thai  milk  for  break- 
fast and  supper  cannot  be  provided,  a  charity  organization  is  asked 
lo  supply  the  milk  lor  them.  Children  who  are  no1  in  the  habit  of 
drinking  milk  frequently  object,  bu1  no  child  has  been  found  who 
did  imi  learn  io  like  milk,  after  being  persuaded  to  drink  i1  for  a 
few  days. 

Ai  first  children  were  given  cocoa  or  chocolate  in  place  of  milk 
at  some  of  the  lunches  if  they  desired  it,  but  it  was  found  that  the 
children  whom  we  permitted  to  drink  chocolate  would  also  drink 
lea  and  coffee  at   home,  which  is  considered  objectionable. 

A  genera]  rule  that  faces  and  hands  be  always  washed  before 
dinner  and  lunch  is  carefully  enforced. 

The  food  values  of  two  menus  actually  served  are  appended. 


SAMPLE   MENU,  SERVED    MARCH    22,    [910. 

HAMBURGER     MEAT    CAKES.  BROWN    GRAVY. 
HASHED     BROWN    POTATOES.  SPINACH. 

BREAD.  BUTTERINE.  MILK. 

GINGERBREAD. 


Quantities  Cost  Calories 

8  pounds  meat  at  12'^  cents 1.00  5280 

ounds  vegetables         .03  180 

'  l  p<  »und  bread .02  608 

1 8  pound  fat .03  450 

[5  pounds  potatoes ■  .15  4650 

[2  pounds  spinach .90  1320 

3  pounds  gingerbread .26  4500 

10  pounds  bread  al  3  cents .30  '-'150 

>und  jelly  al   [5  cents .08  645 

55  quarts  milk  at  7  cents 2.45  22750 

1  pound  butterine .20  3600 


Total  .      .  5.40  56133 

Number  of  children  served 32   ' 

Teacher,  matron  and  attendants '5 

Cost  per  individual 14.6  cents 


(Open  Air  (EntBtttora 


SAMPLE  MENU,   SERVED    MARCH   21,   1910. 

BEEF    STEW     WITH    VEGETABLES. 
BISCUIT     BREAD. 
BL'TTERINE.  MILK. 

APRICOT    TAPIOCA. 

Quantities  Cost  Calories 

8  pounds  beef-shoulder  at  1 21 2  cents         ....  i.oo  5>25° 

]4,  pound  butterine  at  20  cents .05  900 

5  pounds  vegetables  for  stew .15 

16 ]/2  pounds  potatoes -i/  4>96° 

3  pints  flour          .             °9  4.95° 

1  ]/2  ounces  baking  powder .03 

\i  pound  butterine 03  450 

1  cup  milk -°2  8o 

2  pounds  dried  apricots  at  12^  cents        ....  .25  780 
1  _K  pounds  tapioca  at  9  cents .12  2>475 

4  cups  sugar  at  51  ■>  cents .11  3>72° 

10  pounds  bread  at  3  cents -3°  12,150 

%  pound  butterine  at  20  cents .15  2>55° 

3 1  quarts  milk  at  7  cents 2.17  20,150 

Total  4-64  58-615 

Number  of  children  served 2§ 

Teacher,  matron,  attendants 5 

Cost  per  individual J4       cents 

The  older  children  were  permitted  to  help  in  setting  the  table 
for  dinner  and  all  in  rotation  assisted  in  waiting  on  table.  The 
teacher  and  the  matron  presided  and  before  the  year  was  over,  the 
table  manners  of  the  children  showed  remarkable  improvement. 

Every  child  is  given  a  cold  bath  every  morning.  The  bath 
usually  lasts  about  ten  seconds,  after  which  the  child  is  given  a  vigor- 
ous rub  with  a  Turkish  towel.  As  a  usual  thing,  the  children  object 
to  the  baths  at  first,  but  in  a  very  few  days  learn  to  like  it  and  strange 
as  it  may  seem,  object  to  going  without  it.  At  the  beginning  of 
last  year  a  general  order  was  issued  that  in  case  it  was  found_  that  a 
child  did  not  react  properly  after  a  cold  bath,  the  baths  for  this  child 
were  to  be  discontinued.  There  was  not  a  single  child,  however,  of 
the  entire  forty-nine,  for  whom  it  was  necessary  to  discontinue  the 
baths.  Cold  tub  bathing  is  an  entirely  different  proposition  f rom  a 
cold  shower  and  is  probably  not  suitable  for  the  type  of  child  who 
attends  the  open  air  school. 

52 


w 


w 

I— I 

Q 


Contrast  the  Cramped  Position  in  the  Steamer  Chair  with  the 


Complete  Relaxation  Possible  on  the  Cots 

54 


(Omnt  Air  (ftruagitera 


As  there  was  no  heat  whatever  in  the  outdoor  school,  it  was 
necessary  carefully  to  plan  the  clothing  for  the  chilidren.  The 
three  principal  things  considered  were: 

i.    Sufficient  protection. 

2.  Not  too  great  weight. 

3.  Construction  of  clothing  so  as  to  permit  activity. 

An  Eskimo  suit  made  of  heavy  woo]  blanket  seemed  to  answer 
the  requirements.  This  suit,  supplemented  by  a  pair  of  farn* 
felt  hoots  and  fleece-lined  gauntlet  gloves  kepi  the  children  warm  in 
the  severest  weather.  The  construction  of  the  garments  seemed  to 
permit  sufficient  activity  but  there  is  room  for  improvement  in  the 
matter  of  weight.  Garments  constructed  of  a  lighl  woolen  wati 
proofed  material  supplemented  by  paper  lining  may  perhaps  serve 
the  purpose  better  than  the  woolen  blanket.  It  is  our  plan  tor  the 
year  of  [910-1911  to  experiment  with  various  materials  in  order  to 
find  something  which  is  light  and  durable  and  at  the  same  time  water- 
proof and  a  good  non-conductor. 

While  resting,  each  child  is  provided  with  a  double  wool  blanket 
and  the  additional  protection  of  a  sleeping-bag,  made  after  the 
conventional  pattern  only  of  a  smaller  size.  These  bags  are  made  of 
canvas,  lined  with  rather  heavy  cotton  blanket.  Our  new  sleeping- 
bags  may  be  made  of  paraffined  canvas  lined  with  paper  and  fanner's 
satin. 

Great  care  is  exercised  to  see  that  the  children  are  made  com- 
fortable and  as  far  as  possible  taught  to  go  to  sleep  during  the  rest 
period.  A  new  child  for  the  first  two  or  three  days  seldom  sleeps,  but 
the  comfort  and  quiet  soon  develop  the  habit  and  taking  an  hour's 
nap  soon  comes  as  natural  as  eating  lunch. 

It  was  found  that  the  ordinary  steamer  chair  which  has  been  used 
in  so  many  outdoor  schools  and  sanitoria  was  neither  suitable  for 
studying  n<  >r  was  it  very  comfortable  to  sleep  in.  So  after  trving  the 
folding  chair  for  a  time,  we  changed  to  the  regular  school  desk  for  the 
school  room  work  and  to  folding  canvas  cots  on  which  the  children 
reclined  for  the  rest  period. 

The  play  of  the  children  is  restricted  as  little  as  possible  and  when 
there  is  restriction  it  applies  only  to  special  children. 

The  gymnastics  are  limited  to  breathing  and  marching  exercises. 
Any  child  who  at  the  morning  inspection  by  the  nurse  is  found  to 
have  a  temperature  of  100  or  ovei .  is  kept  lying  down  the  entire  da\ 
except  at  meal  time. 

Exclusion  on  account  of  any  symptom  of  contagious  disease 
is  the  same  as  in  the  regular  public  school. 

The  special  building  which  is  best  fitted  for  open  air  work  has  not 
yet  1  -ecu  determined.    While  regular  school  rooms  have  1  >een  arranged 


(Oynt  Air  (Crusaftmi 


to  meet  the  requirements  for  fresh  air,  a  specially  planned  building 
would  probably  be  more  desirable.  Any  sort  of  structure,  however, 
which  permitted  the  admission  of  sufficient  fresh  air  to  make  the  con- 
dition practically  the  same  as  that  outside  would  answer  the  purpose. 


THE  DAILY  PROGRAM 

Rise 7  :oo 

Breakfast  at  home 7:15  to     7:45 

Arrive  at  school         .       .           8  :oo 

Temperature  taken  and  inspection  by  nurse  8:00  to    8:30 

Bath  and  lunch 8:30  to     9:00 

In  school 9:00  to  10:15 

Recess 10:15  to  10:30 

In  school 10:30  to  11:45 

Get  ready  for  dinner 11:45  to  12:00 

Dinner 12:00  to  12:45 

Section  1 : 

Rest i:ooto     2:15 

In  school 2:15  to     3  :T 5 

Section  2 : 

In  school 1:00  to     2:15 

At  rest       . 2  :  r  5  to     3  : 1 5 

Play  or  gymnastics, 

Temperature  and  lunch 3:15  to    4:00 

Return  home 4:00 

Supper  at  home 6:30 

To  bed 8  :oo 


r>G 


(Ultaptrr  3tmx 

^tattiittra 


General  Financial  Statement. —  Cost  of  Equipment  for  One  Child. 

—  Aggregate  Pounds  below    Normal. —  Total   Aggregate    Gain. 

—  Birthplace  of  Parents. —  Ages   of  Children. —  Grades  Repre- 
sented.—  Family  History. 


57 


3 

o> 
z 

o 
o 
_) 

< 

a. 

< 

O 

H 

u 

H 

a 

E 


^tatuittrii 


FINANCIAL   STATEMENT 

Clothing S   125.99 

Blankets 339.02 

('nts  and  chairs 68.13 

Lumber 74-93 

16  glazed  sashes  in  dormitory 74-°° 

8  sashes  in  dormitory         37 .00 

Reversing  doors 12.00 

Dishes 33 -27 

Desk 10.00 

Gas,  light,  elevator  service 225.00 

Provisions 1,270.00 

Relief  (rubbers,  overcoats,  etc.)   ..          49-72 

Medicine 26.52 

Pictures 15.10 

Postage  and  carfare n.15 

Salaries  of  Attendants ....  753. 61 

Miscellaneous  (small  equipment) 147.72 

Total $3,273.16 


1 

/ 

7 

/ 

fc 

/ 

s 

/ 

* 

/ 

N 

j 

/ 

3. 

.// 

1 

Cu^-C  7  t  j  to         H         '*■        '3         tt        '<?        /(, 

_ H»^~~a  1 


Grade  of  the  Open  Air  .School  Pupils  Compared  with  Normal  Pupils 

59 


(i)prit  Air  Ctnuiaitrrs 


COST  OF   MAINTENANCE 

(Based  on  an  Actual  Cost  of  Handling  an  Average  Attendance  of  Thirty-five  Children.) 

Staff: 

Teacher,  furnished  by  School  Board 
Nurse,  furnished  by  Tuberculosis  Institute 
Physician,  furnished  by  Nursery 

Matron ' $50  .00  per  month 

Assistant  Matron 30  .00  per  month 

Cook 30.00  per  month 

Food  (Cost  per  child) : 

Raw  material So  .09  per  day  or  Si  .So  per  month 

Milk .07  per  day  or     1.40  per  month 

Gas or  per  day  or       .20  per  month 

Total .17  $3-4° 

Special  Equipment  for  Each  Child: 

Eskimo  suit S3  .  50 

I  double  wool  blanket 6.50 

Canvas  folding  cot  (special,  2S  x  66  in.)          1.75 

Sleeping  bag  (canvas-lined,  with  cheap  blanket)       ....  2.00 

Felt  boots •  60 

Gauntlet  gloves,  fleece-lined -35 

Thermometer .25 

Tooth  brush •  10 

Paper  napkins -io 

Record  sheets -io 

Towels 1  •  00 

Laundry          -5° 

Miscellaneous  disinfectants .25 

Total  Si  7. 00 

AGGREGATE   NUMBER  OF   POUNDS   BELOW   NORMAL   OF 

49    CHILDREN 

Number  of  Average  Pounds  Aggregate  Pounds 

Age                                                                        Children  Below  Normal  Below  Normal 

6 2  8  16 

8 2  11  22 

g 4  6  24 

10 8  3  24 

11 6  7  42 

12 10  15  150 

1 


3 


12  l6  I92 

14 2  37  74 

15  r  9  9 

16 1  21  21 

17 1  35  35 

Total 49  J68  609 

609  pounds  is  equivalent  to  the  aggregate  weight  of  thirteen  normal 
six-year-old  children,  or  nine  normal  ten-year-old  children.  Total  aggre- 
gate gain  for  49  children,  178  pounds,  or  the  equivalent  of  four  normal 
six-year-old  children.  Greatest  gain,  14  pounds  in  17  weeks.  Total 
aggregate  number  of  days'  care,  4,911. 

60 


(Oynt  Air  (Cntsaitcrs 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING   WEIGHT  OF  CHILDREN 

COMI'ARKI)   Willi   Till-:   NORMAL 


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61 


(Open  Atr  (£nu?aftmi 


BIRTHPLACE   OF   PARENTS 

England i 

France 1 

Poland 2 

Bohemia 3 

Roumania 3 

Italy 3 

Germany 4 

United  States 5  or  10.2% 

Russia 10  or  20.4% 

Ireland 17  or  34.7% 

Grades  Represented 

3 

7 

4 

12 

I  I 

5 

3 

1 

Special 3 


40  40 

FAMILY   HISTORY 

Negative 18 

Father  died  from  Tuberculosis 12 

Mother  has  Tuberculosis 7 

Father  has  Tuberculosis 7 

Sister  died  from  Tuberculosis          3 

Brother  has  Tuberculosis 2 

.  .                     ,                        ...  49 
Positive  cases  of  tuberculosis  in  immediate  family,  31,  or  63.2%. 


Ages  c 

f  Children 

6 

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1 

7 
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0 
10 

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2 

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7 

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14 

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(Eljaptrr  3Ptttr 

(Summrnt  Armtsrft  luj  the  ^rljiwl 

From   the   Chicago  Tuberculosis   Institute,    Dr.    Henry  B.  Favill,  Dr. 
Theodore  B.  Sachs. —  From  the  Municipal  Sanitarium,  Supt.  Frank 
E.  Wing. —  From  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  Dr.  John  A.  Robison. 
-  From  the   Chicago  Press,  Chicago  American,  Daily  News,  Even- 
ing Post,  Examiner,  Inter-Ocean,  Journal,  Record-Herald,  Tribune. 


63 


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GJnmuuntt  Armtsrft  bit  thr  &rluwl 


PROM    THE   CHICAGO   TUBERCULOSIS    INSTITUTE 

The  time  is  approaching  when  a  school  curriculum  which  has  not 
hygiene  as  its  central  thought  will  be  in  discredit.  As  usual  this 
point  is  likely  to  be  reached  by  dealing  with  exceptional  and  perplex- 
ing school  conditions.  The  out-of-door  school  for  tubercular  chil- 
dren has  been  life-saving  and  a  benediction  to  those  children.  It  has 
been  far  more.  It  has  shown  the  feasibility  of  giving  every  child 
what  is  its  natural  right,  namely,  an  education  under  conditions 
which  foster  rather  than  stifle  his  physical  perfection.  Such  demon- 
strations are  inexpressibly  valuable.  They  cannot  be  measured  by 
money.  No  one  can  foretell  the  wave  of  influence  which  spreads 
from  such  a  center. 

Henry  B.  Favill,  M.  D., 
President   Chicago   Tuberculosis   Institute. 


We  are  in  the  midst  of  a  gradual  change  of  conception  of  our  duty 
to  the  school  child. 

Schooling,  under  conditions  impairing  health,  renders  assimilation 
of  knowledge  difficult,  at  times  impossible;  hence  the  agitation  for 
pure  air  in  school  rooms,  a  medical  inspection  service,  a  proper 
adjustment  of  hours  of  study  and  recreation,  and  a  curriculum 
adapted  to  requirements  and  capacity  of  the  growing  child. 

The  large  army  of  school  children  cannot  be  handled  as  a  homo- 
geneous mass.  Experience  points  to  the  differentiation  of  school 
methods  with  various  groups  of  children  as  the  only  effective  policy, 
productive  of  desired  results.  The  application  of  one  system  to  all 
spells  injury  to  many,  while  a  modified  policy,  with  special  provision 
for  physical  well-being,  renders  the  weak  strong  and  makes  assim- 
ilation of  knowledge  possible  where  otherwise  progress  is  slow  or  nil. 

The  efficacy  of  such  modified,  properly  adapted  school  methods 
is  best  exemplified  in  the  modern  treatment  of  the  tuberculous 
school  child.  Where  progress  was  impossible  under  the  old  condi- 
tions, the  schooling  in  the  open  air,  combined  with  the  provision  of  a 
liberal  diet  and  a  proper  adjustment  of  the  hours  of  rest  and  study, 
restores  health  in  a  large  number  of  cases  and  brings  many  a  lagging 
child  up  to  the  average  standard.     The  Outdoor  School  conducted  by 

65 


(Djirn  Air  (Crusaiicrs 


the  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute  in  the  summer  of  1909,  the 
Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School,  carried  through  last  winter 
by  the  United  Charities  and  the  Board  of  Education  on  the  roof  of 
the  Mary  Crane  Nursery,  as  well  as  the  open  window  room  for 
normal  school  children  in  the  Graham  School,  have  demonstrated 
effectively  the  need  of  differentiation  of  methods  in  dealing  with 
various  groups  of  children. 

The  health  of  the  school  child  is  being  rapidly  recognized  by 
school  authorities  as  an  important  asset  and  the  old  policy  of  one 
method  for  all  is  rapidly  passing  into  oblivion. 

Theodore  B.  Sachs. 
Head  of  Sanitarium  Department,  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute. 

FROM   THE   MUNICIPAL   SANITARIUM 

Some  day  the  city  will  be  judged  a  success  or  a  failure  by  what 
it  has  been  able  to  accomplish  for  those  little  ones  who  never  had 
a  chance.  The  Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School  took  thirty- 
five  such  children  from  their  poorly  ventilated  school  rooms  and  their 
more  poorly  regulated  homes,  and  with  them  demonstrated  the 
practicability  of  the  Open  Air  School  regime  as  an  all  the  year  round 
possibility. 

I  know  of  no  more  convincing  argument  than  that  expressed  in  the 
report  of  the  school  physician  and  the  teacher,  showing: 

Improved  physical  condition, 

An  average  of  four  pounds  gained  in  weight  per  child, 

Two  grades  made  where  formerly  advance  was  unhoped-for, 

Mental  dullness  and  stupidity  replaced  by  alertness  and  desire 
to  learn. 

In  fact  they  have  been  living  in  a  new  world  and  it  has  given  them 
their  first  fighting  chance.  Frank  E.  Wing, 

Superintendent  of  the  Chicago  Municipal  Tuberculosis  Sanitarium 
and  of  the  Tuberculosis  Institute. 

FROM  THE  CHICAGO  MEDICAL  SOCIETY 

I  was  delighted  when  I  examined  the  pupils  of  the  Outdoor  School 
at  Algonquin  a  few  days  ago  and  noted  the  improved  physical  con- 
dition of  the  children,  their  improved  nutrition  and  their  bright 
mentality.  The  records  of  the  work  done  in  the  Elizabeth  McCor- 
mick Open  Air  School  during  the  past  few  months  is  an  irrefutable 
argument  in  favor  of  the  Board  of  Education  extending  this  work, 
and  including  types  of  children  who  are  not  tuberculous,  but  suffer 
from  some  form  of  physical  ailment  which  interferes  with  their 
harmonious  physical  and  mental  development. 

66 


GDjmt  Air  (CnuiaiUuii 


The  city  during  school  hours  voluntarily  assumes  the  function  of 
parent,  and  it  is  its  duty  to  place  all  its  charges  under  the  most 
sanitary  and  hygienic  conditions,  and  look  after  their  physical  wel- 
fare as  well  as  mental  training.  To  my  mind  there  is  no  factor  of  so 
great  importance  in  the  training  of  school  children  as  giving  them  an 
abundance  of  God's  fresh  air.  The  most  difficult  architectural 
problem  of  all  ages  since  man  began  to  live  in  houses,  and  a  problem 
which  has  never  been  satisfactorily  solved,  is  ventilation.  The  best 
system  is  Nature's,  the  outdoor  system.  Let  the  public  schools  of 
the  future  be  erected  with  the  idea  of  utilizing  the  roof  spaces  for 
outdoor  schools,  and  let  the  children,  non-tuberculous  as  well  as 
tuberculous,  be  taught  there. 

An  educated  intellect  in  a  weak  body  is  a  waste  of  effort  both  as 
far  as  the  individual  and  the  commonwealth  is  concerned:  the 
flower  of  the  intellect  withers  and  the  world  loses  the  fruit  of  a  bril- 
liant mind.  Instead  of  concentrating  our  efforts  on  the  training  of 
the  intellect,  let  us  develop  its  seat  in  a  strong,  vigorous  body,  free 
from  disease,  and  the  world  will  be  the  gainer. 

John  A.  Robison, 
President  Chicago  Medical  Society. 


FROM   THE   PRESS 

The  question  of  open  air  schools  received  the  attention  of  Mrs. 
Ella  Flagg  Young,  superintendent  of  schools,  to-day. 

She  visited  the  Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  Roof  School  Room 
and  held  a  committee  meeting  there. 

Physicians  on  the  staff  of  the  Mary  Crane  Nursery  are  enthusiastic 
over  the  results  of  the  open  air  scheme.  The  pupils  themselves 
resent  any  motion  of  their  being  deprived  of  their  "out-of-doors" 
school. —  American  for  December  13,  1910. 


Mrs.  Ella  Flagg  Young,  superintendent  of  schools,  visited  the 
''school  on  a  roof"  at  the  Mary  Crane  Nursery  to-day  and  after 
investigating  the  "school  room"  with  its  walls  of  woven  wire  and 
after  hearing  recitations  and  talking  with  the  teacher,  she  heartily 
set  the  stamp  of  her  approval  upon  the  open  air  method  of  treating 
tubercular  children. 

A  conference  of  well-known  physicians  and  others  interested  in 
the  experiment  followed  Mrs.  Young's  visit.  It  is  thought  that 
"schools  on  roofs"  may  be  opened  on  various  school  buildings 
throughout  the  city. —  Daily  News  for  December  13,  10 10. 

67 


(Open  Air  (£ntsaiirrfi 


We  have  sometimes  wondered  if  there  was  any  exercise  of  the 
mind  more  purely  speculative  than  the  attempts  to  work  out  mechan- 
ical systems  of  ventilation.  Given  a  hall  or  a  public  building,  the 
problem  is  to  trace  a  steady  stream  of  graceful  flowing  arrows  from 
the  outside  air  through  the  place,  including  all  the  nooks  and  cor- 
ners, and  out  again. 

The  more  graceful  and  enterprising  the  arrows,  the  better  the 
system.  A  really  good  diagrammatic  arrow  has  imagination,  in- 
dignation, a  sense  of  duty.  It  gets  inside  the  room  or  hall,  and  looks 
around  and  sees  a  lot  of  lowering  carbon  dioxide  in  a  corner  and 
sweeps  straight  at  it.  "Out  with  you"  says  the  ventilating  arrow. 
"  These  precincts  are  mine."  And  straightway  it  prods  the  villainous 
carbon  dioxide  into  a  ventilating  shaft  and  cleans  and  sweetens  the 

room. 

Everv  architect  has  his  quiver  full  of  these  arrows,  but  very  few 
of  his  clients  ever  succeed  in  getting  a  glimpse  of  them.  Some- 
times, it  mav  be,  it  is  their  own  fault.  They  don't  meet  the  architect 
and  his  arrows  halfway.  They  complain  of  drafts  down  the  back  of 
their  necks  or  around"  their  feet.  And  in  the  case  of  most  public 
halls  and  school  rooms  the  carbon  dioxide  gets  so  heavy  and  inert 
that  it  takes  complete  possession  of  the  place  and  the  fresh  air  arrows 
scarcelv  get  a  peep  within. 

The  public  schools  have  long  been  the  victim  of  the  mechanical 
ventilating  system.  It  may  be  true,  as  a  contemporary  has  suggested, 
that  the  popular  feature  of  the  system  with  former  boards  of  educa- 
tion was  the  saving  of  coal  which  it  made  possible.  But  its  popularity 
was  also  due  to  ignorance,  the  ignorance  of  parents  as  well  as  of  the 
board.  It  has  taken  years  of  "fresh  air"  preaching  to  teach  parents 
that  the  open  window  is  really  the  foe  of  pneumonia. 

The  meeting  of  the  board  of  education  last  night  at  which  physi- 
cians and  others  discussed  the  remarkable  records  made  in  a  year  of 
experiment  in  certain  schools  will  lead,  we  hope,  to  a  relaxation  of 
the  old  closed-window  rules,  and  every  school  ought  to  have  its  open- 
window  room  where  those  who  need  the  hygiene  of  fresh  air  and 
whose  parents  approve  may  grow  rosy-cheeked  and  sparkling. 

The  Chicago  Evening  Post  for  October  22,  19 10. 

So  pleased  was  Superintendent  Ella  Young  with  what  she  saw 
yesterday  at  the  "school  on  the  roof"  of  the  Mary  Crane  Nursery, 
818  Ewing  Street,  that  she  hopes  to  make  similar  schools  a  regular 
feature  of  the  public  educational  system  of  Chicago  and  thereby 
combat,  perhaps  overcome,  tuberculosis  among  children. 

Mrs.  Young  was  accompanied  to  the  "school  on  the  roof"  by 
several  physicians.     She  went  to  investigate  reports  that  the  chil- 

68 


Otyru  Air  (Entaafcra 


ijmit  tltr  flaprrB  Sfrlprit 


IBLLTHBCiUSBS 

01  11  Bl 


1     I  '  I  I.  L  s 


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u „,s„,iJL««   »<««,„ 


CtatiNLIIfECOLDAIRSCI 


fESKIMO  GARB  WORN  i\  HI'    frSSgW 


A  few  of  our  Press  Clippings 


70 


(Onnt  Air  (Eruaafrre 


drcn  were  suffering  from  the  cold.  She  found  the  reports  unfounded. 
The  children,  all  of  them  either  with  tubercular  tendencies  or 
suffering  from  throat  troubles  of  a  less  serious  nature,  but  sufficient 
to  affect  their  general  health  and  retard  their  school  progress,  were 
enthusiastic  over  the  open  air  school  and  opposed  to  returning  to 
closed  and  heated  rooms. —  Chicago  Examiner  for  December  14,  1909. 


Not  only  fresh  air  but  cold  air  in  every  school  in  Chicago  is  now 
the  cry  by  both  Superintendent  Ella  Flagg  Young  and  the  health 
department. 

Following  the  recent  publicity  given  the  open  air  school  main- 
tained on  the  roof  of  the  Mary  Crane  Nursery  and  the  "fresh 
air  class"  being  tried  out  at  the  Graham  School,  Mrs.  Young  has 
announced  that  school  rooms  are  at  present  too  warm. 

Sixty-eight  or  seventy  degrees  is  too  warm,  not  only  for  study 
and  clear  thinking,  but  for  health,  she  declares. 

Enthusiastic  endorsement  of  the  fresh  air  idea  by  all  was  the 
result  of  the  trip.  It  has  been  proposed  that  at  least  one  room  in 
every  school  building  in  the  city  be  used  as  a  "cold  storage  plant" 
class  room.  Later  more  will  be  added. —  Inter  Ocean  for  December 
14,  1909. 


Experiments  at  the  Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School  and 
Graham  School  have  established  the  desirability  of  a  considerably 
increased  allowance  of  fresh  air  in  school  rooms. 

Prevalence  of  catarrh  and  throat  troubles  among  city  dwellers  is 
largely  due  to  foul  air  superheated  and  dried  by  steam  radiators; 
therefore  there  is  not  the  least  need  for  surprise  that  children  suffering 
from  these  affections  should  have  improved  rapidly  under  the  fresh 
air  treatment. 

Where  fifty  or  sixty  children  are  crowded  into  one  room  the  air 
very  quickly  becomes  poisonous,  they  become  listless  because  the 
impure  air  does  not  supply  sufficient  oxygen  to  purify  their  blood  and 
they  suffer  bodily  and  mentally. 

The  Journal  is  glad  to  know  that  the  value  of  fresh  air  as  a  builder 
of  health  and  a  curative  agent  is  to  be  officially  recognized  by  strict 
regulation  of  ventilation  and  temperature  in  the  Chicago  schools. 

The  children  will  benefit  enormously.  The  parents  will  profit 
by  the  fresh  air  principles  which  the  children  will  introduce  into  their 
homes. 

And  the  reduction  in  tuberculosis  within  a  few  years  will  be 
astonishing.  —  Journal  for  December  14,  1909. 

71 


(§pn\  Air  (£ruaadmi 


How  many  children,  real,  live  American  "kids,"  do  you  know  who 
wouldn't  take  a  vacation  from  school  when  they  could  have  it? 

Not  many,  probably.  The  story  of  thirty  children  who  liked 
school  so  well  that  they  made  the  teacher  keep  it  open  during  Christ- 
mas week  last  year  when  all  the  other  "kids"  in  Chicago  were  enjoy- 
ing a  week's  respite  from  study,  is  told  in  an  attractive  little  pamphlet 
that  thousands  of  Chicagoans  will  receive  to-day,  detailing  the  work 
of  the  United  Charities  of  Chicago  for  the  past  year. 

The  school  is  one  of  the  winter  activities  of  the  United  Charities 
and  is  on  the  roof  of  the  Mary  Crane  Nursery,  near  Hull  House. 
It  cares  for  children  who  are  inclined  to  tuberculosis. —  Chicago 
Record-Herald  for  June  24,  iqio. 


There  are  not  two  sides  to  the  question  raised  in  our  school 
management:  Shall  the  school  room  be  ventilated  in  accordance 
with  modern  sanitary  principles? 

No  one  who  has  gone  to  school  will  forget  the  neglect  of  ventila- 
tion.    No  intelligent  person  will  doubt  the  evil  effects  of  bad  air. 

Disease  is  one  of  the  effects,  and  the  worst.  But  it  is  not  the  on1y 
effect.  Beside  acute  diseases  and  contagion,  and  the  slow  under- 
mining of  the  child's  strength,  is  the  loss  of  his  mental  efficiency. 

No  child  poisoned  with  bad  air  can  learn  rapidly  or  well. 

In  the  saving  of  life  and  health,  and  in  the  increase  of  educational 
results,  proper  ventilation  is  a  measure  of  common  humanity  and 
immediate  practical  economy. 

No  time  should  be  lost  in  bringing  about  this  betterment. 

Chicago  Tribune,  for  October  23,  19 10. 


72 


(Eljajitrr  g>ix 

(Elnrayn's  JFirat  (§\m\  Air  ^riiotil 

Dr.  Kohn,  of  Board  of  Education,  Plans  School  for  Debilitated 
Children. —  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute  Plans  School  for 
Tuberculous  Children. —  Co-operation  of  Board  ok  Education 
Secured. —  School  Opened  August  Third. —  Daily  Program. — 
Diet  Difficulties  Suggest  Xeed  of  Home  Instruction. —  The 
Toothbrush  Drill. —  The  Rest  Period. —  Physical  Condition  of 
Children  Admitted. —  Results  of  First  Year's  Work. —  Second 
Summer  Sees  Three  Schools  Started. —  Chicago  Public  School 
Extension  Committee  Provides  Food  and  Extra  Equipment. — 
Fourteen  Nationalities  Represented. —  Results. —  4,700  Tuber- 
culous Children  in  Chicago  Need  Open  Air  Schooling. —  City 
Should  Provide  for  Them. 


7:5 


(!)prn  Air  (Cruaaiirni 


The  Tuberculosis  Institute  Held  its  Schools  in  Tents 
Erected  in  School  Yards 


A  Class  in  Basketry  —  Summer  of  1910 

74 


(nunuuui  iFirst  (®\m\  Air  S>riuuil 


Chicago's  first  outdoor  school  for  tuberculous  children  was  made 
possible  through  the  joint  co-operation  of  the  Board  of  Education  and 
the  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute.  The  part  taken  by  the  Board 
of  Education  was  largely  the  result  of  the  active  interest  of  Dr. 
Alfred  Kohn,  who,  prior  to  the  arrangement  with  the  Tuberculosis 
Institute,  had  presented  to  the  Board  of  Education  a  plan  for  a 
similar  school  for  debilitated  children,  not  necessarily  tuberculous, 
to  be  modeled  somewhat  after  the  Charlottenburg  School  in  Germany 
near  Berlin.  Provision  for  the  feeding  of  the  children,  however,  not 
being  forthcoming,  it  became  necessary  to  give  up  the  school  as  orig- 
inally planned.  Prior  to  the  announcement  of  these  plans,  the 
Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute,  which  at  the  beginning  of  the  year 
had  advocated  an  Outdoor  School  as  one  of  its  possible  summer 
activities,  was  in  the  field  for  a  location  on  which  to  establish  some  form 
of  outdoor  provision  for  a  group  of  tuberculous  children;  either  a  day 
and  night  camp  in  the  country,  or  a  day  camp  inside  the  city  limits. 

The  plan  of  Dr.  Kohn  seemed  to  present  the  desired  opportunity; 
consequently  the  Tuberculosis  Institute  offered  to  co-operate  with 
the  Board  of  Education  in  the  maintenance  of  such  a  school.  The 
offer  was  accepted,  and  after  some  necessary  delay  the  school  was 
opened  on  the  grounds  of  the  Harvard  School  at  75th  Street  and 
Yincennes  Road  on  Tuesday  morning,  August  3,  1909. 

According  to  the  arrangement,  the  school  building,  grounds, 
equipment,  and  teaching  staff  were  furnished  by  the  School  Board, 
while  the  selection  of  the  children,  food  supply,  transportation,  cook, 
nurse  and  medical  service  were  assumed  by  the  Tuberculosis  Institute. 
A  large  shelter  tent  and  thirty  reclining  chairs  were  secured  for  out- 
door use;  and  a  range,  cooking  utensils,  dishes,  knives,  forks  and 
spoons,  kitchen  and  dining  tables  and  ice  box  were  installed  in  the 
basement  of  the  school  building.  The  large  assembly  hall,  piano, 
toilets  and  shower  baths  were  also  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
pupils.  Mr.  William  E.  Watt,  principal  of  the  Graham  School, 
was  secured  as  principal  of  the  out-door  school  and  he  was  assisted 
by  two  teachers  also  supplied  by  the  Board  of  Education. 

The  Tuberculosis  Institute  placed  one  of  its  nurses  on  half-time 
attendance  at  the  school  to  watch  the  temperatures,  weight,  pulse, 
and  general  condition  of  the  pupils.    Careful  follow-up  work  into  the 

75 


(i)pnt  Air  (Crmiaftrra 


homes  of  the  children  made  it  possible  to  secure  the  co-operation 
of  the  parents  to  the  fullest  degree  in  order  to  prevent  the  undoing 
in  the  home  at  night  of  whatever  gains  the  children  might  make  at  the 
school  during  the  daw 

While  it  was  called  an  "Outdoor  School,"  the  greater  part  of  the 
daily  program  was  devoted  to  what  might  be  called  vacation  rather 
than  school  activities,  with  a  generous  allowance  of  rest  and  sleep. 
In  order  to  give  the  children  the  benefit  of  as  long  a  day  as  possible 
they  were  at  first  allowed  to  come  as  early  as  they  chose.  On  the 
second  morning  one  boy  was  there  at  six  o'clock,  and  many  more 
before  seven-thirty;  but  by  the  time  a  working  schedule  had  been 
adopted  it  was  found  that  eight-thirty  was  as  early  as  the  majority 
of  children  could  get  there  and  that  hour  was  therefore  settled  on  as 
the  time  for  arrival. 

On  reaching  the  school,  the  children's  first  duty  was  to  give  their 
faces  and  hands  a  thorough  washing.  Breakfast  was  served  at  nine 
o'clock  in  the  school  basement.  This  consisted  of  a  well-cooked 
cereal  or  shredded  wheat,  eggs  in  some  form,  bread,  butter,  milk, 
and  often  some  kind  of  fruit.  At  first  liberal  amounts  of  cream  were 
given  with  the  breakfast  food,  but  experience  soon  showed  that  too 
much  cream  was  unpopular.  It  was  a  new  article  of  diet.  The 
children  did  not  like  it  and  in  this  as  well  as  in  other  articles  of  diet 
it  was  found  that  the  simple  foods,  well-cooked  and  nutritious,  such 
as  had  come  under  their  home  range  of  experience  were  more  accept- 
able than  a  more  fastidiously  worked  out  bill  of  fare.  As  one  of  the 
visitors  to  the  school  remarked:  "Give  them  corn  beef  and  cabbage 
and  they  will  fall  to  with  a  relish ;  but  chicken  croquettes  and  com- 
bination salad  are  quite  beyond  their  powers  of  comprehension." 
It  is  the  almost  universal  experience  of  the  visiting  nurses  that  the 
children  from  the  type  of  home  represented  in  the  outdoor  school 
as  conducted  in  Chicago  are  fed  on  a  limited  diet  of  bread,  coffee, 
potatoes,  fried  meats  and  cheap  delicatessen  products.  Certain 
nationalities  have  a  leaning  toward  dried  fish,  macaroni,  canned 
tomatoes  and  corn,  and  hard  boiled  eggs,  but  almost  invariably  they 
refuse  cooked  cereals,  especially  rice,  vegetables  other  than  those 
mentioned,  soup,  unless  of  the  coarsest  variety,  and  numerous  dishes 
common  in  the  average  American  home.  Classes  in  domestic  science 
and  food  values,  as  well  as  in  deep  breathing  and  air  values  would 
do  much  to  help  this  state  of  affairs,  for  mal-nutrition  is  frequently 
the  forerunner  of  tuberculosis  in  children. 

Each  child  was  provided  with  a  good  toothbrush  and  was  taught 
how  to  use  it.  A  row  of  hooks  with  the  names  pasted  above  gave  each 
youngster  a  sense  of  proprietorship  and  it  was  interesting  to  watch 
the  pride  and  importance  which,  three  times  a  day,  attended  the 


7(5 


Otynt  Air  (Sriuiubrrs 


performance  of  this  seemingly  trivial  duty.  At  the  close  of  the 
experiment  the  children  were  presented  with  their  toothbrushes  as 
a  reward  of  merit. 

The  first  half  of  the  morning  was  devoted  to  whatever  purely 
class  work  was  done  for  the  day.     The  children  repaired  to  the  tent 


The  Toothbrush  Drill 


outside  and  after  establishing  themselves  in  their  reclining  chairs, 
spent  an  hour  and  a  quarter  in  singing,  story-telling,  listening  to 
talks  on  nature,  national  history,  patriotic  biography,  morals  and 
manners,  or  in  reading,  geography,  number  work  or  some  other 
kindred  employment,  the  program  being  varied  from  day  to  day. 

At  ten-forty-five  a  forenoon  refreshment  of  milk  or  egg-nog  was 
served.  At  first  raw  eggs  were  tried,  but  after  one  boy  exploded 
with:  "  Aw,  I  know  what  that  is.  I've  had  lots  of  that  at  home.  It 
ain't  no  good,"  thereby  nearly  precipitating  a  revolt,  various  devices 
were  practiced  to  disguise  the  taste  of  the  egg,  with  good  results. 

At  eleven  o'clock  the  children  were  divided  into  two  groups,  the 
girls  going  to  the  shower  baths  and  the  boys  taken  singly  or  in  small 
groups  for  reading,  individual  instruction  in  subjects  in  which  they 
were  behind,  or  for  gardening,  raffia  work  and  other  forms  of  employ- 
ment. 

77 


Wpttx  Air  (EruaafcrB 


The  hour  between  eleven-thirty  and  dinner  time  was  spent  by  all 
in  such  exercises  as  light  gymnastic  dancing,  singing,  breathing, 
marching  and  dramatizing.  Dinner  was  made  the  heavy  meal  of 
the  day,  usually  consisting  of  meat  or  fish,  potato,  and  one  other 
vegetable,  followed  by  pudding,  fruits,  cookies  or  some  other  sweets. 

Then  followed  a  two-hour  rest  period  in  the  reclining  chairs  — 
a  period  of  complete  relaxation  and,  as  far  as  possible,  a  period  of 
sleep.  At  first  many  of  the  children  were  unable  to  sleep,  but  in  a 
few  days  a  remarkable  change  had  been  accomplished.  One  boy  who 
had  been  restless  and  fidgety  for  the  whole  period  during  the  first 
two  days,  slept  a  little  on  the  third  day,  and  on  the  fourth  was  sleep- 
ing so  soundly  that  his  chair  was  picked  up  bodily  and  moved  from 
the  sun  into  the  shade  without  awakening  him.  Many  were  able  to 
sleep  for  the  entire  two  hours,  while  all  enjoyed  a  considerable  period 

of  sleep. 

Then  at  three  o'clock  came  the  mid-afternoon  refreshment  of 
milk  or  egg-nog,  followed  by  a  fifteen-minute  period  of  repose  pre- 
paratory to  the  taking  of  temperatures,  pulse,  etc.,  by  the  nurse,  who 
also  watched  carefully  other  matters  relating  to  the  physical  condi- 
tion, reporting  irregularities  to  the  doctor  whenever  necessary. 

The  hour  from  four  to  five  was  a  reversal  of  the  late  morning  hour, 
during  which  the  boys  were  sent  to  the  shower  baths  and  the  girls 
engaged  in  construction  work  and  in  individual  instruction.  At 
five  o'clock  supper  was  served,  consisting  of  bread  and  butter, 
scrambled  eggs,  or  some  other  proteid-containing  food,  custards  or 
stewed  fruit.  At  five-thirty  all  assembled  in  front  of  the  school 
building,  car-tickets  for  use  the  next  day  were  distributed,  good 
nights  were  said,  and  all  took  the  car  together  under  the  care  of 
the  nurse. 

Of  the  thirty  children  chosen  for  the  experiment,  seventeen  were 
first-stage  cases  of  tuberculosis,  two  had  tubercular  glands,  and  eleven 
were  pronounced  pre-tubercular.  Sixteen  had  been  and  ten  were 
still  directly  exposed  to  tuberculosis  in  their  homes,  while  in  the  case 
of  the  other  fourteen  there  was  no  evidence  of  direct  exposure.  _  None 
had  passed  to  the  "open,"  infectious  stage,  all  such  cases  being  ex- 
cluded, but  two-thirds  of  them  showed  a  temperature  ranging  from 
99  to  100.2  on  admission. 

On  discharge,  only  two  showed  a  temperature  above  99,  while  the 
rest  were  practically  normal.  The  total  gain  in  weight  for  the 
thirty  children  was  113  pounds,  the  range  being  from  one  to  seven 
pounds.  Twenty-two  gained  three  pounds  or  more  each,  while  the 
average  gain  was  3.8  pounds.  One  little  girl  whose  life  had  been  a 
burden  because  of  tuberculous  cervical  glands,  and  who,  although 
thirteen  years  old,  was  only  in  the  fourth  grade,  joyfully  reported 

78 


(Open  Air  (Eritsaftrrc: 


in  June,  iqio,  that  she  had  made  two  grades  and  that  her  neck  had 
hardly  bothered  her  at  all.  Her  mother  had  brought  her  to  the  school 
when  the  papers  announced  its  opening  in  1909,  and  when  the  Insti- 
tute nurse  later  visited  the  child's  home,  she  found  clean  rooms  and 
plenty  of  good  simple  food,  but  no  fresh  air.  A  cot  was  taken  from 
the  stuffy  little  bedroom  and  placed  on  the  porch;  milk  was  sub- 
stituted for  the  tea  and  coffee ;  and  school  and  home  worked  together 
to  give  this  child  a  new  start.  She  has  profited  by  it  to  a  surprising 
extent,  although  she  still  weighs  twenty-nine  pounds  less  than  the 
normal  girl  at  her  age.     Her  brother  died  of  tuberculosis. 

So  gratifying  were  the  results  of  the  one  month  of  the  school, 
followed  as  it  was  during  the  winter  by  the  work  of  the  Elizabeth 
McCormick  Open  Air  School  and  the  Graham  School,  that  in  the 
summer  of  19 10  the  Chicago  Public  School  Extension  Committee, 
which  is  formed  of  representatives  from  ninety  women's  clubs  in 
Cook  County,  united  with  the  Board  of  Education  and  the  Tuber- 
culosis Institute  in  opening  at  the  Lake  View,  William  Penn  and 
Libby  schools,  three  schools  similar  to  the  one  of  the  preceding 
summer.  The  general  management  and  routine  were  the  same, 
except  that  the  Chicago  Public  School  Extension  Committee,  under 
the  able  chairmanship  of  Mrs.  A.  W.  Bryant,  met  all  expenses  of  food 
and  extra  equipment  for  the  19 10  schools  and  also  employed  a 
trained  dietitian  to  supervise  the  meals. 

The  one  hundred  children  in  attendance,  representing  fifty-two 
schools,  public  and  parochial,  made  a  net  increase  of  230  pounds 
in  weight,  an  average  of  3.5  pounds,  and  fourteen  nationalities, 
American,  Irish,  Norwegian,  Swedish,  German,  Russian,  Belgian, 
Hungarian,  Italian,  Polish,  Bohemian,  Canadian,  French,  and 
English,  bore  the  gospel  of  fresh  air  into  every  part  of  Chicago. 

However,  the  children  came  largely  from  the  poorer  sections  of 
the  city.  One  boy  came  from  a  little  six-room  cottage  which  his 
father  was  trying  to  buy,  although  it  was  not  much  more  than  a  roof, 
set  on  badly  constructed  walls.  The  father  was  a  laborer,  in  the 
incipient  stage  of  tuberculosis.  There  were  eight  children,  the  old- 
est a  wayward  boy  of  fifteen.  Given  an  income  of  $13.00,  a  family 
of  ten  with  two  cases  of  tuberculosis  in  it  and  a  home  to  pay  for, 
what  will  be  the  results  for  the  seven  younger  children  if  the  school 
does  not  come  to  the  rescue? 

What  will  be  the  results  for  all  the  other  children  in  the  city  who 
need  a  care  which  their  parents  cannot  give,  if  the  school  does  not 
come  to  the  rescue?  Applying  the  percentage  of  tubercular  infection 
which  Stockholm,  Sweden,  found  in  children  under  fifteen,  there  are 
4,700  tuberculous  children  in  Chicago.  Boston  found  nearly  five 
per  cent  of  her  children  of  school  age  in  an  anaemic  or  weakened 

79 


(%tru  Air  (Erusaftrrs 


condition  which  predisposed  them  to  disease  and  made  them  proper 
candidates  for  open  air  schooling.  This  would  mean  14,600  such 
children  in  Chicago  and  would  necessitate  at  least  eighty-five  or  a 
hundred  open  air  schools.     Expensive?     Yes,  but  economy  in  the 


NOT  THE 
SCHOOL  CHILD 


BUT  A  SCHOOL 
CONDITION 


In  the  Balance 

end.  A  state  which  spends  every  year  $1,187,000  in  educating 
children  who  die  of  tuberculosis  before  reaching  their  twentieth  year 
can  well  pause  to  consider  the  money  value  of  preventive  work.  A 
city  must  look  to  the  well-being  of  her  future  citizens.  No  private 
organization,  supported  by  private  funds,  can  hope  to  do  more  than 
point  out  the  way  in  which  the  city  must  follow  if  these  children 
are  to  be  given  their  fighting  chance. 


fcO 


(Eltajjtrr  Bnmx 

(Ulitrago  a  %nt  Whtfciui  Bdpol 

Two  Open-  Window  Rooms  for  Normal  Pupils  in  September,  1909.- 
Seven  Rooms  bv  Juke.— Twenty  Rooms  in  1910.—  Cold  Air 
Rooms  Demand  More  Frequent  Exercise.-  Children  Retain 
Ordinary  Wraps.-  Warming  Rooms  Provided  Seldom  Used.- 
Temperature  for  1.910  between  500  and  600.—  Cold  Air  Reduces 
Discipline  by  Removing  Physical  Causes  for  Misconduct.— Cold 
Air  Better  for  Eyes.—  Writing  Period  not  Hindered  by  Cold.- 
Need  of  Humidifying  Air  not  Realized.— How  the  Graham 
School  Humidifies.—  Saving  in  Coal  Bill.—  How  the  Graham 
School  Makes  Its  Recess  Periods  Valuable.—  Getting  Tired 
Physically  in  the  Open  Air  Makes  Children  Strong.— Fresh  Air 
Doubles  Powers  of  Teachers  and  Pupils. 


81 


Open  Windows  in  January 


Fresh  Air  Fiends  of  the  Graham  School 
82 


(ElnraiUiB  ($pnt  Wtuftmit  i>rltmil 


In  September,  1909,  two  rooms  were  opened  in  the  Graham  School 
to  show  what  natural  cold  air  will  do  for  normal  pupils.  No  selection 
of  individuals  was  made  except  that  as  children  entered  the  school 
for  their  first  year's  work  they  were  given  their  choice  of  entering  a 
cold  room  or  a  warm  one.  Of  course  some  pains  were  taken  to  inform 
the  parents  in  advance  as  to  what  it  was  expected  the  cold  air  would 
do.  After  several  weeks  of  trial  in  which  zero  weather  was  encoun- 
tered and  no  bad  effects  followed,  teachers,  parents  and  pupils,  seeing 
what  had  been  done  for  those  in  the  two  rooms,  asked  for  rooms  in 
the  other  grades  for  the  same  sort  of  work.  The  school  year  closed 
with  seven  open  rooms. 

So  satisfactory  was  the  work  that  the  school  opened  in  September, 
1910,  with  twenty  cold  rooms,  merely  retaining  enough  of  the  warm 
air  rooms  to  insure  a  place  in  a  warm  room  in  every  grade  for  pupils 
whose  parents  desired  them  to  have  it  and  also  a  place  for  teachers 
to  work  in  warm  air  in  case  some  of  them  feared  that  work  in  a  cold 
room  might  prove  too  strenuous.  The  Board  of  Education  also  con- 
structed two  canvas-sided  rooms  on  a  roof  of  the  Graham  School  to 
give  the  matter  a  more  definite  trial  and  to  gather  the  results  of  the 
work  of  normal  pupils  in  open  air.  The  rooms  may  be  duplicated 
anywhere  for  six  hundred  dollars  each.  They  were  completed  too 
late  in  the  spring  for  any  tests  to  be  made  in  them. 

The  work  in  a  cold  room  differs  from  that  in  a  warm  room.  The 
pupils  are  exercised  far  more  frequently  and  in  the  low  grades  the 
seats  are  removed  so  as  to  provide  wide  floor  space  for  games  and 
dancing.  Common  wooden  chairs  or  kindergarten  chairs  take  the 
place  of  seats  and  long  tables  of  simple  construction  replace  the  old 
form  of  rigid  desks.  The  children  sit  in  the  school  room  clad  in  the 
clothing  which  protects  them  on  the  way  to  school.  They  keep  all 
that  clothing  on,  if  they  choose,  or  lay  aside  their  caps,  mittens, 
overshoes  and  coats  if  they  feel  uncomfortable  with  them  on.  Dur- 
ing the  year  no  money  was  paid  out  for  any  sort  of  clothing  to  protect 
the  children  from  cold,  as  it  was  found  that  whatever  clothing  would 
bring  them  safely  to  school  was  more  than  enough  for  protection  in 
the  school  where  games  were  frequent.  In  one  instance  when  the 
weather  outside  was  about  zero,  the  principal  went  into  a  room  to 
see  whether  he  could  find  any  children  who  ought  to  be  given  warmer 

83 


(Oyrn  Air  (£ruaa&rrs 


quarters.  He  found  six  boys  with  their  overcoats  off.  As  he  ap- 
proached them  without  saying  anything  about  his  intentions,  he 
was  met  by  the  stout  assertion  of  one  of  them  who  had  read  his  mind: 
"No,  Mr.  Watt,  we  don't  want  'em.     We're  not  cold.'' 

Of  course  the  weather  outside  is  much  rougher  than  it  can  be  in 
the  school  room  for  we  do  not  permit  boisterous  winds  to  enter  and 
some  heat  will  get  in  from  the  corridors  no  matter  how  careful  one  is 
to  exclude  it.  At  all  times  we  had  places  where  the  children  might  go 
to  warm  themselves  if  they  chose.  But  such  places  were  not  used 
except  by  three  of  four  from  a  room  and  by  them  not  four  times  each 
during  the  entire  winter. 

As  the  school  is  a  public  one  and  public  opinion  has  to  be  cared 
for,  arrangements  have  been  perfected  for  the  year  iqio-iqii  to 
provide  a  current  of  warmed  humidified  outdoor  air  for  each  room  so 
as  to  reduce  the  rigor  of  wintry  weather  and  give  the  room  a  tem- 
perature of  between  400  and  500  in  winter,  preventing  it  from  going 
so  low  as  to  alarm  anyone.  While  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  principal 
that  such  air  is  not  so  good  for  the  children  as  unwarmed  air,  he  has 
conceded  a  point  to  doubters  and  has  it  understood  that  a  cold  room  is 
somewhat  warmed  and  is  not  so  severe  as  outdoor  air.  He  believes 
the  time  will  come  when  parents  will  demand  what  many  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Graham  school  desire,  air  for  school  without 
any  heat  at  all  supplied  even  in  the  most  severe  weather  but  warming 
rooms  provided  for  emergencies. 

Children  play  out  of  doors  in  winter  without  discomfort  in  the 
worst  weather.  If  sheltered  and  kept  from  the  dampness  of  melting 
snow,  they  are  able  to  do  the  work  of  the  school  in  equally  cold 
weather  with  equally  good  results. 

Fresh  cold  air  cures  diseases,  increases  the  vitality  of  teachers  and 
pupils  and  makes  all  more  alert  intellectually.  Hot,  dry  air  makes 
catarrh,  grip,  pneumonia  and  all  the  foul  air  diseases.  It  is  peculiarly 
adapted  to  developing  and  spreading  tuberculosis.  Cold  air  checks 
and  cures  it. 

Teachers  in  cold  air  rooms  close  their  day's  work  feeling  fresh  and 
well.  Those  in  hot,  dry  rooms  close  the  day  often  in  a  state  of  collapse. 
Children  taught  in  fresh  air  learn  with  avidity  and  directly.  They 
do  not  require  the  perpetual  reviews  and  drills  so  common  in  our  hot, 
dry  schools.  They  are  happier  and  grow  more  rapidly  in  cold  air. 
The  discipline  of  a  school  is  reduced  to  a  simple  problem  when  the  air 
is  right.  Merely  humidifying  the  air  in  the  Graham  school  and 
lowering  the  temperature  of  all  rooms  from  seven  to  ten  degrees 
lowered  the  number  of  cases  of  office  discipline  eighty  per  cent.  It 
removed  the  sources  of  ordinary  friction  between  pupils  and  between 
them  and  their  teachers.    A  cool,   humid  air  is  soothing    to    the 

84 


ODprtt  Air  (EntBaficrs 


nervous  system.     We  feel  better  and  hence  act  better  in  right  air. 

After  eight  weeks  of  cold  air  work  in  the  two  rooms  first  opened 
for  the  demonstration,  the  school  physician  found  that  the  nasal 
discharge  which  is  very  common  in  all  primary  schools  in  cold  weather 
was  entirely  absent  in  the  two  rooms  open  to  the  fresh  air.  One 
child  with  catarrh  was  found  in  each  room  but  both  had  been  out  of 
school  and  returned  the  day  of  the  inspection.  He  found  in  two 
similar  rooms  where  the  air  breathed  was  like  that  supplied  in  the 
very  best  schools  of  Chicago  and  other  progressive  cities  that  over 
forty  per  cent  of  the  pupils  had  nasal  discharge,  although  his  examina- 
tion was  held  before  the  severest  weather  had  been  experienced. 

Some  of  the  most  common  objections  urged  by  those  who  inquire 
about  the  Graham  school  are  that  the  child's  eyes  are  hurt  by  the 
light  of  an  open  air  room  and  that  it  is  impossible  to  do  the  written 
work  required  in  school  if  we  have  the  air  cold.  It  is  quite  as  easy 
to  protect  the  eyes  in  the  open  air  room  as  in  the  ordinary  room. 
Common  sense  takes  care  of  that.  But  the  objectors  do  not  seem  to 
realize  that  the  deadly  hot  dry  air  of  the  ordinary  school  assails 
the  eyes  grievously  and  much  of  our  eye  trouble  comes  from  living 
in  air  which  causes  a  rapid  evaporation  of  mucous  secretions  and  causes 
the  eyes  to  dry  up  and  smart  so  that  disease  finds  a  ready  entrance 
in  the  weakened  organ.  More  eyes  are  destroyed,  probably,  by  hot 
dry  air,  such  as  is  common  in  schools  in  cold  weather  than  could  be 
destroyed  by  the  most  foolish  use  of  all  the  light  available  in  an  open 
room  in  this  climate  where  the  winter  sunlight  is  not  particularly 
trying. 

Those  who  fear  that  the  written  work  of  the  schools  must  suffer 
because  children  in  mittens  cannot  use  the  pen,  find  relief  when  they 
see  that  the  pen  is  not  used  at  all  in  the  first  grade,  where  the  greatest 
number  of  children  are.  It  is  used  very  little  in  the  second  grade. 
But  the  cold  air  work  does  not  seriously  hinder  the  children  in  using 
pens.  The  ink  has  never  frozen  in  one  of  our  open  air  school  rooms. 
The  plants  in  the  kindergarten,  the  only  open  air  kindergarten  in  the 
world  last  year,  did  not  get  a  touch  of  frost  during  the  winter.  This 
shows  that  the  room  was  not  very  frigid.  It  was  rare  that  we  could 
get  the  temperature  low  enough  to  make  it  worth  while  to  look  at 
the  thermometer  for  a  record.  The  house  is  warm,  the  corridors 
throw  in  heat  at  every  open  door  and  the  bodies  of  the  children  are 
healthy  little  furnaces  supplying  a  great  amount  of  heat :  all  contrib- 
ute to  keep  the  temperature  from  running  down  to  where  it  gets  in 
the  barn  in  the  country  where  children  delight  to  play,  no  matter 
what  the  weather  may  be. 

Hot  dry  air  is  common  in  schools.  It  is  not  dry  because  water 
has  been  taken  out  of  it,  but  because  when  its  temperature  is  raised 

85 


(Oprn  Air  CCrusaiirrs 


it  expands  and  its  capacity  for  moisture  increases.  Few  ventilating 
engineers  seem  to  realize  the  necessity  for  supplying  this  needed 
moisture,  although  every  textbook  on  school  management  or  warming 
and  ventilating  states  positively  that  humidity  must  be  supplied  to 
warmed  air  to  make  it  fit  to  breathe.  Yet  millions  of  school  children 
are  obliged  to  sit  in  the  deadening  and  dessicating  air  of  ventilating 
and  warming  systems  in  which  not  a  grain  of  moisture  is  supplied. 

Whoever  has  lived  in  hot  dry  air  long  enough  demands  a  tem- 
perature of  8o°.  Those  younger  and  less  dessicated  like  750.  Others 
less  devitalized  are  comfortable  in  dry  700,  but  the  majority  of  school 
rooms  in  winter  get  mysteriously  above  700,  the  maximum  fixed  by 
boards  of  education.  A  proposal  last  year  to  reduce  the  maximum 
to  68°  was  planned  with  great  anticipation  of  opposition  from 
many  quarters  and  finally  dropped.  A  temperature  of  700  F.  is 
too  great,  but  it  is  so  near  the  average  degree  of  heat  demanded  by 
weakened  persons  in  dry  air  that  it  was  with  difficulty  that  Boston 
established  68°  as  a  maximum.  There  are  many  old  teachers  who 
demand  and  get  8o°  for  their  class  rooms  and  the  children  have  to 
begin  life  where  these  elderly  and  devitalized  persons  are  leav- 
ing off. 

The  Graham  school  has  a  jet  of  steam  thrown  into  each  tempered 
air  chamber.  It  is  so  distributed  by  a  mechanical  device  that  it  gets 
equally  into  the  air  of  all  parts  of  the  chamber  and  consequently  into 
the  rooms  which  are  not  open  rooms.  This  steam  is  supplied  so  that 
the  windows  in  winter  are  heavily  frosted  and  in  cold  weather  are 
steamed.  A  school  room  is  not  fit  for  use  if  its  air  is  warm  and  its 
windows  dry.     A  washday  appearance  indicates  sanitary  conditions. 

There  is  no  danger  of  overdoing  the  matter,  for  when,  if  ever,  there 
should  appear  a  slight  gathering  of  dampness  on  any  wall,  shutting  off 
the  steam  supply  for  a  few  seconds  will  cause  it  to  vanish,  so  thirsty 
is  the  air  that  is  warmed  and  not  supplied  with  water. 

Humidified  air  is  comfortable  at  from  eight  to  ten  degrees  less 
than  dry  air.  This  means  a  saving  of  about  twenty-five  per  cent  of 
the  coal  bill  for  warming.  It  means  also  a  consumption  of  some  coal 
for  supplying  the  steam  jets,  so  about  twenty  per  cent  of  the  coal  bill 
may  be  saved  in  any  school  in  a  cold  climate  by  supplying  humidity 
during  the  severe  weather  when  fires  are  required. 

What  our  saving  of  coal  may  be  when  we  have  many  open  rooms 
and  the  rest  humidified  is  a  problem  to  be  worked  out  during  the  com- 
ing cold  season.  But  whatever  may  be  the  saving  in  coal  it  is  a 
bagatelle  when  compared  with  the  waste  of  money  and  time  in  trying 
to  teach  children  in  hot  dry  air.  Considering  the  sickness  prevented 
by  right  air  and  the  lives  actually  lost  by  the  weakening  effects  of 
hot  dry  air  applied  to  the  growing  child,  there  is  no  way  of  estimating 

86 


ODjiru  Air  (Eniaafcra 


The  First  Open  Air  Kindergarten 

the  imperative  need  of  making  the  supply  of  air  in  our  schools  right 
in  every  respect. 

The  open  air  room  necessitates  more  frequent  exercise  during 
school  hours.  It  also  leads  to  the  better  supervision  of  the  recess 
periods.  The  recess  periods  of  ordinary  schools  are  frequently  times 
of  rude  conduct,  obscene  communication,  physical  harm  through 
accident  and  through  breathing  the  hot  air  of  dusty  basements,  and 
idle  waiting  for  the  bell  to  ring.  They  ought  to  be  made  the  most 
valuable  portion  of  the  school  time.  They  should  give  relief  from 
application  to  books  and  papers  and  stimulate  the  circulation  of 
blood  so  as  to  make  all  the  work  of  the  school  more  effective.  One 
observer  has  counted  the  number  of  children  actually  playing  active 
games  at  recess  in  a  school  of  over  one  thousand  children  and  found 
the  number  painfully  small.  In  one  instance  there  were  but  seven 
boys  playing  in  a  space  a  block  in  length  and  no  girls  at  all  were 
playing.  Some  were  leaning  against  the  building  and  others  were 
walking  about  with  arms  interlocked  and  seemingly  no  inclination 
to  play.  There  were  several  hundred  in  the  group  and  the  time  was 
recess,  a  time  supposed  to  be  used  for  play. 

87 


(Open  Air  (Truaadrra 


^ 


One  great  reason  why  city  children  do  not  play  as  freely  as  our 
large  schools  at  recess,  is  that  any  game  started  by  the  more  enter- 
prising ones  is  likely  to  be  broken  up  and  the  materials  confiscated 
by  the  idle  ones  who  are  stronger.  Another  reason  is  that  children 
generally  are  weaker  and  less  likely  to  take  the  initiative  than 
children  of  rural  districts  or  of  the  old  schools  of  a  generation  ago  when 
the  ventilation  was  from  open  windows. 

At  the  Graham  school  the  recesses  are  divided  into  two  equal 
periods  and  but  one-fourth  of  the  school  occupies  the  yard  at  a  time. 
Small  children  are  allotted  suitable  space  and  only  one  or  two  rooms 
of  the  same  grade  are  on  the  grounds  at  once.  The  teachers  keep 
their  own  pupils  together  and  organize  the  play.  It  is  regarded  as  a 
regular  part  of  the  teacher's  work  to  see  that  her  children  have  a 
good  time  and  are  not  interfered  with  by  the  others.  She  leads  them 
to  the  grounds  and  at  a  given  signal  all  disperse  to  visit  the  basements. 
They  hurry  back  to  begin  the  game  agreed  upon.  In  some  instances 
the  sexes  divide  for  games  and  in  other  instances  two  rooms  of  about 
the  same  grade  unite  for  a  large  game.  A  small  book  of  the  most 
successful  games  is  being  compiled.  Teachers  and  pupils  enjoy  the 
period  equally. 

Getting  tired  physically  in  the  open  air  and  having  a  period  of 
rest  immediately  afterward  is  a  sure  way  to  become  strong.  This 
has  been  explained  to  the  children  and  they  are  as  desirous  of  becom- 
ing strong  as  of  learning.  In  fact,  appearances  indicate  that  they  are 
more  so.  They  are  told  that  getting  quite  tired  once  a  day  makes 
them  strong  if  it  is  done  in  the  open  air.  Becoming  strong  means 
getting  well  or  avoiding  sickness.  Being  well  and  strong  means  good 
growth.  It  also  means  mental  acuteness.  The  best  minds  are  not 
always  in  the  strongest  bodies,  but  a  good  mind  can  do  a  great  deal 
better  work  when  the  body  is  strong  and  well. 

Fresh  air  work,  both  outdoors  and  inside,  doubles  the  teacher's 
power  and  the  results  in  the  pupils.  By  breathing  Nature's  air,  by 
dressing  warmly,  by  taking  much  exercise,  in  school  and  out,  the  child 
is  kept  so  much  more  alive  than  the  ordinary  school  child  that  the 
mental  and  physical  results  are  surprisingly  good.  So  we  have  open 
air  rooms  to  build  up  vitality  and  to  fit  pupils  to  learn.  We  make  it 
possible  for  them  to  desire  learning  earnestly  and  to  get  it  joyfully. 


^s 


(Eijaptrr  ©gift 

Untttlatunt  nf  Srljonl  SSnoma 

Cold  Weather  Means  Poor  Ventilation. — -No  Perfect  System  of  Ven- 
tilation has  Yet  Been  Devised. — A  Perfect  System  Would  Insure 
Clean,  Moist  Air,  of  Uniform  Temperature. — Difficulties  of  Se- 
curing Good  Ventilation,  Windows,  Walls,  Radiators,  Leakage. 
—Instead  of  Preventing  Drafts,  Make  Drafts  Comfortable  by 
Keeping  Air  in  Motion  and  Humidifying  it. —  Comfort  of  Air 
Depends  on  the  Person. —  Health  Demands  That  Expired  Air 
be  Blown  Out  of  Breathing  Zone. —  Ideal  System  is  Upward 
Ventilation,  with  Heating  Apparatus  Separate,  Humidity 
Supplied,  and  Easily  Operable  Cut-Offs. —  Good  Standards  of 
School  Ventilation  Demand:  Temperature  6o°  to  650  F.;  Humid- 
ity 60;  CO2  6  or  7  per  100,000;  4,000  Cubic  Feet  of  Air  per  Pupil, 
if  Outside  Air  is  Mixed  with  Expired  Air,  1,000  if  Unmixed; 
Rooms  Aired  Three  Times  a  Day;  Vacuum  Cleaning;  Rooms  not 
Wider  Than  Twice  Height  of  Window  from  Floor. —  Need  of 
Compulsory  State  Ventilation  Laws. —  Fourteen  Basic  Prin- 
ciples of  Ventilation  Submitted  by  Commission  Appointed  by 
American  Society  of  Ventilating  and  Heating  Engineers,  Chicago 
Public  Schools  and  Chicago  Health  Department. 


89 


BmtUattmt  of  ^rltniil  Snmnfi 


School  children  need  well  ventilated  school  rooms.  Ventilating 
conditions  are  all  right  in  the  late  spring,  the  early  summer  and  the 
early  fall.  Conditions  are  all  wrong  in  the  late  fall,  the  winter  and 
the  early  spring. 

As  the  weather  gets  cold,  the  fires  are  started,  the  windows  come 
down,  the  storm  windows  and  doors  are  put  in  and  the  harm  begins. 
The  old,  stove-heated  school  room  was  very  trying.  The  newer 
ventilation  methods  are  efforts  to  improve  conditions. 

A  perfect  system  of  ventilation  is,  as  yet,  only  a  matter  of  theory. 
However,  with  the  wealth  of  brains  and  intelligence  now  being  exer- 
cised among  physicians  and  ventilating  engineers,  it  is  confidently 
hoped  and  expected  that  a  practically  perfect  system  may  be  produced. 

A  perfect  system  of  ventilation  should,  without  unpleasant  drafts, 
provide  fresh  air  to  each  person,  and  remove  immediately  all  air  which 
has  been  exhaled  without  mixing  the  two  or  contaminating  the 
former.  A  perfect  system  should  insure  that  the  fresh  air  be  clean, 
properly  moist  and  at  a  uniform  temperature.  With  such  a  system 
the  volume  of  air  necessary  for  each  occupant  would  be  only  equal  to 
the  amount  of  air  exhaled  in  an  hour,  a  volume  almost  infinitesimal 
compared  with  the  amount  of  air  ordinarily  pumped  into  an  average 
Chicago  school  room. 

Physical  conditions  have  rendered  the  construction  of  an  ideal 
ventilating  system  very  difficult  and  very  expensive.  For  instance, 
every  window  presents  a  cooling  surface,  which,  contracting  the  air 
that  lies  against  it  causes  it  to  fall,  setting  up  local  currents  which 
mix  the  breathed  and  unbreathed  air.  Every  cool  wall  likewise 
creates  this  current.  Every  radiator  or  pipe,  with  its  hot  surface, 
expands  the  adjacent  air,  causing  it  to  rise  and  mix. 

Warm,  fresh  air  entering  a  cooler  room  rises  to  the  ceiling.  Cool, 
fresh  air  falls  to  the  floor.  Warm,  exhaled,  foul  air  rises,  and  is 
apparently  raised,  lowered,  and  diffused  by  the  various  heating  and 
cooling  agencies  just  as  is  fresh  air.  Then  there  is  leakage,  which 
affects  an  ordinary  school  room  tremendously.  On  the  windowed 
side  enough  air  often  comes  through  the  walls  and  cracks  and  around 
the  window  sashes  of  a  well  built  room  to  change  the  entire  volume 
of  air  in  ten  minutes.  On  the  leeward  side  eddies  form  suction  areas 
which  cause  a  like  volume  of  warm,  often  fresh,  air  to  leak  out. 

91 


(Oprn  Air  (Crusaficrs 


These  considerations  have,  up  to  this  time,  caused  nearly  all 
ventilating  schemes  to  be  designed  on  the  "dilution"  principle. 
Sometimes  the  heating  is  done  by  raising  the  air  delivered  for 
ventilating  purposes  sufficiently  above  the  temperature  desired  in  the 
rooms  to  maintain  that  temperature  there  without  any  direct  heat  in 
the  rooms.  Again  the  air  is  heated  only  to  the  room  temperature 
desired  and  the  room  is  wanned  by  heaters  located  in  the  room. 
Both  schemes  are  objectionable,  inefficient  and  expensive,  because 
of  the  large  volumes  of  air  which  must  be  handled  to  secure  reasonable 
results  on  the  dilution  principle. 

Leakage  through  walls  and  around  windows  is  a  very  serious 
factor  with  either  system  and  even  though  a  pressure  be  main- 
tained in  the  building  above  that  of  the  atmosphere  outside,  so  much 
lighter  and  more  elastic  is  the  artificially  warmed  air  inside  that  the 
cold,  heavy,  outside  air  with  even  a  breeze  pressure  enters  the  rooms 
in  streams. 

When  air  is  increased  in  temperature  by  the  ordinary  heating 
apparatus  it  is  decreased  in  moisture.  Where,  say,  70  per  cent  humid- 
ity is  common  at  a  68°  temperature  in  summer  and  seems  to  be  most 
advantageous  to  human  development,  such  a  humidity  is  never  in 
force  in  an  artificially  heated  room  unless  special  apparatus  to  create 
it  is  provided.  It  is  probably  safe  to  say  that  not  more  than  2  per 
cent  of  the  public  schools  in  the  United  States  have  any  humidifying 
apparatus.  The  air  having  been  heated  to  about  ioo°  and  cooled  to 
about  700  before  it  reaches  the  pupils,  is  superdried  and  seeks  to  ob- 
tain its  proper  balance  of  moisture,  hence  dust,  dry  throats,  parched 
lips  and  a  rapid  rate  of  skin  evaporation,  rendering  it  necessary  to 
maintain  a  high  temperature  for  comfort. 

It  is  our  opinion  that  ventilating  engineers  have  wasted  much 
effort  in  trying  to  prevent  currents  or  drafts  of  air.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  have  not  expended  enough  effort  on  making  drafts  or 
currents  comfortable. 

In  considering  the  comfort  from  air  several  factors  must  be  taken 
into  consideration.  The  body  heats  the  air  which  is  in  contact  with 
it  to  about  oo°  F.  The  skin  surface  of  the  body  is  about  50  F.  higher 
than  this.  The  heat  mechanism  of  all  bodies  older  than  the  early 
stages  of  infant  life  is  so  adjusted  that  provision  is  made  for  loss  of 
heat  and  moisture  by  the  skin.  Such  loss  must  go  on  at  all  times,  else 
there  is  discomfort. 

When  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  below  6o°  F.  the  loss  is  so 
great  that  we  cover  the  body  with  extra  layers  of  low  conducting, 
partially  impervious  cloth  to  hold  the  warm,  moist  air  next  the  skin 
under  the  clothes.  When  the  temperature  mounts  above  700  F.  we 
remove  some  of  this  cloth  and  change  the  remainder  to  cloth  of  an 

92 


ODpru  Air  (Unuutfirrs 


open  texture  and  greater  conductivity.  When  the  temperature 
mounts  above  850  F.,  if  there  are  no  drafts,  we  use  fans  to  drive  the 
900  F.  air  from  around  the  face  and  from  next  the  body  within  the 
clothes. 

It  has  been  demonstrated  that  if  two  rooms  be  taken,  each  room 
warm  and  each  occupied,  one  having  fans  and  the  other  not,  the  room 
with  the  fans  will  show  more  CO_>  in  the  breathing  zone  than  will  the 
other  room.  This  is  because  the  air  which  is  ordinarily  near  the  ceil- 
ing and  is  rich  in  C02  is  blown  back  down  into  the  breathing  zone. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  room  containing  the  fans  will  be  the  more 
comfortable  because  the  currents  blow  the  hot  air  of  the  aerial 
envelope  away  from  the  body.  There  is  no  comfort  without  air 
currents  strong  enough  to  change  the  air  around  the  face  freely 
and  to  blow  out  the  clothes  frequently.  If  the  currents  get  lower  than 
6o°  F.  something  must  be  done  to  counteract. 

The  children  in  the  Elizabeth  McCormick  Open  Air  School  got 
heavy  clothing  and  additional  food  and  took  active  exercise.  This 
is  not  the  remedy  for  the  average  school  room.  There  the  remedy 
is  to  supply  the  currents  heated  to  6o°  F. 

In  hot  weather  no  clothing  is  cool  that  does  not  permit  the  hot 
air  of  the  aerial  envelope  to  blow  away.  In  cold  weather  there  is  no 
comfort  unless  the  aerial  envelope  blows  away,  but  the  chilling  of  the 
body  surface  will  be  too  rapid  for  comfort  unless  something  is  done 
to  compensate.  The  things  which  can  be  done  are  to  warm  the  blow- 
ing air  or  to  take  more  exercise. 

A  second  factor  making  for  the  comfort  of  air  is  humidity.  A 
humid  air  chills  more  than  a  moderately  dry  air  because  the  moisture 
of  the  air  is  a  better  conductor  of  heat  than  is  the  air  itself.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  the  air  is  very  dry,  evaporation  from  the  skin  is  exces- 
sive and  the  skin  is  unduly  chilled  if  the  temperature  is  low. 

In  cold  weather,  then,  ventilation  should  be  done  with  air  which 
is  fairly  humid,  yet  not  too  humid.  To  get  up  or  down  decreases 
comfort. 

In  hot  weather  the  body  tries  to  cool  itself  by  pouring  out  perspira- 
tion. The  evaporation  of  this  perspiration  lowers  the  temperature  of 
the  surface  from  which  it  has  evaporated.  Therefore  in  hot  weather 
dry  air  currents  are  much  more  comfortable  than  wet  ones. 

The  comfort  of  currents  is  largely  dependent  upon  the  personal 
equation.  Generally  speaking,  fat  people  want  colder  currents 
than  lean  people.  Active  people  want  them  colder  than  sluggish 
people.  Some  people  are  naturally  better  heat  makers  than  other 
people.  They  will  be  comfortable  in  colder  currents  than  other 
people.  Some  people  have  trained  themselves,  so  that  their  heat- 
making  apparatus  is  well  developed.     They  have  educated  them- 


93 


(Ojjm  Air  (Entaafcrs 


selves  away  from  close,  heavy  clothing,  which  held  the  foul  hot  moist 
air  of  the  body  in  contact  with  it.  They  have  educated  their 
mechanism  to  the  point  where  they  feel  better  when  this  air  is  blown 
away  and  the  heat  lost  is  made  up  by  greater  heat  production.  And, 
finally,  there  are  many  psychologic  factors.  A  draft  crank  is  difficult 
to  analyze.     So  much  for  comfort. 

Many  of  the  above  comfort  considerations  merge  quite  logically 
into  health  considerations.  In  addition  to  the  need  of  currents  of 
air  blowing  around  the  body  there  is  the  still  greater  need  of  currents 
blowing  around  the  head.  The  head,  face  and  neck  need  the  stimulus 
of  having  air  strike  their  skin.  They  need  that  this  air  should  be  cool. 
They  can  stand  this  air  cooler  than  can  the  body  because  they  have 
been  differently  trained.  The  main  consideration,  however,  is  that 
air  currents  should  blow  the  expired  air  away  from  the  nose  and  out 
of  the  breathing  zone.  Should  we  not  strive  to  get  more  currents 
rather  than  fewer,  at  the  same  time  trying  in  cold  weather  to  temper 
the  temperature  and  humidity  of  the  currents  so  as  to  properly  safe- 
guard the  comfort  of  the  occupants  of  the  ventilated  rooms? 

Chicago  has  tried  thoroughly  in  the  schools  that  system  of  heating 
and  ventilation  which  supplies  pre -heated  air  to  the  rooms,  the  loss 
through  walls  and  glass  causing  it  to  drop  in  temperature  to  about 
700  by  the  time  it  reaches  the  pupil.  New  York  has  tried  thoroughly 
in  the  schools  the  other  system,  in  which  heaters  are  placed  in  the 
rooms  and  the  air  for  ventilation  is  introduced  at  little  above  the 
desired  temperature.  Both  operate  on  the  dilution  principle;  the 
principle  well  illustrated,  perhaps,  by  a  glass  full  of  red  ink.  Try  to 
remove  the  red  ink  by  pouring  in  clear  water.  Many  times  the 
volume  of  ink  must  be  displaced  before  the  color  is  gone. 

The  ideal  system  seems  possible  of  realization  only  by  upward 
ventilation,  in  which  the  air,  at  the  desired  temperature,  passes 
upward  from  the  breathing  plane  to  a  suction  outlet,  and  in  which  the 
heating  is  a  separate  consideration,  so  handled  by  very  ample  low 
temperature  radiation  carefully  distributed  that  the  local  antag- 
onistic currents  of  the  cold  surfaces  are  eliminated.  This  system 
has  been  to  a  certain  extent  found  practicable  in  theaters.  Its 
adoption  in  school  rooms  can  follow  only  a  change  in  the  construc- 
tion of  these  buildings,  which  will  permit  of  the  necessary  distributing 
chambers  under  the  floors,  or  perhaps  of  the  necessary  supply  pipes 
in  the  desks. 

Any  percentage  of  humidity  may  be  maintained  by  proper  regula- 
tion of  the  temperature  of  the  entering  air  and  of  the  water  used  for 
spraying  it.  Double  windows  may  be  desirable  for  fuel  economy  and 
to  prevent  condensation  on  them  in  cold  weather,  due  to  the  inside 
humidity.     Easily  operable  cut-offs  will  be  necessary  in  the  supply 

94 


ODpiui  Air  (Enuiuiirni 


and  vent  ducts  to  each  room,  so  that  when  the  windows  are  opened 
and  the  room  flushed  out,  as  is  often  desirable,  and  as  a  sense  of  clean- 
liness and  decency  seems  to  suggest,  it  can  be  done  without,  as  at 
present,  affecting  the  air  delivery  to  other  rooms.  At  best  no  artificial 
scheme  of  ventilation  will  ever,  in  all  probability,  equal  outdoor 
conditions  in  promoting  human  health  and  happiness. 

For  the  approximately  normal  children  who  make  up  the  class 
commonly  known  as  school  children,  ventilation  reaching  the  follow- 
ing standards  will  be  found  satisfactory: 

Temperature :  The  temperature  of  the  occupied  parts  of  the  school 
room  should  not  be  allowed  to  go  higher  than  650  F.  at  any  time  when 
the  heat  is  on.  The  heat  of  the  room  should  be  approximately  uni- 
form in  all  parts  of  the  room.  A  tempera ture  of  6o°  F.  is  better 
than  6  50  F. 

Humidity:  The  relative  humidity  of  the  school  room  should  be 
around  6o°.  Such  a  humidity  will  cause  the  window  panes  to  frost 
in  all  very  cold  weather.  It  can  be  safely  assumed  that  the  air  in 
any  room  in  which  there  are  thirty  people,  the  room  having  single 
windows  which  do  not  frost  when  the  outside  temperature  goes  lower 
than  200  F.,  is  too  dry. 

CO-  Content:  The  CO2  in  school  rooms  should  not  rise  above  6 
or  7  per  100,000. 

Volume  of  Air:  The  volume  of  air  depends  upon  the  principle 
employed  in  its  introduction.  4,000  cubic  feet  per  pupil  per  hour  will 
be  required  if  the  foul  air  is  perfectly  admixed  with  the  fresh  air. 
1 ,000  cubic  feet  per  pupil  per  hour  is  enough  if  the  fresh  air  is  fairly 
well  protected  from  admixture  with  the  foul  air.  A  figure  in  between 
these  two  figures  will  be  required  according  as  the  two  kinds  of  air 
are  kept  separate.  It  is  not  so  much  the  volume  of  air  as  its  method 
of  introduction  that  counts.  If  the  air  is  introduced  hot,  or  even 
warm,  say  over  no°  F.,  it  should  be  introduced  high  up  in  order  to 
prevent  its  blowing  fresh  from  the  inlet  to  the  outlet.  If  the  air  is 
introduced  cold,  without  any  heating,  it  should  either  be  introduced 
high  up  near  the  ceiling  or  else  be  introduced  in  a  current  directed 
upward  so  that  the  force  will  carry  it  well  toward  the  ceiling,  this  in 
order  that  it  may  be  warmed  before  it  reaches  the  body.  Under  other 
circumstances  it  should  be  introduced  low  down. 

In  the  language  of  the  British  Departmental  Committee  on  Venti- 
lation of  Factories  and  Workshops,  1907: 

"The  quantity  of  air  depends  on  the  distribution;  and  in  many  eases  a 
relatively  small  quantity  well  distributed  is  far  more  effective  than  a  large 
quantity  badly  distributed." 

95 


(Dpttl  Atr  (Ernriaitcrii 


Blowing  Out  of  the  Rooms:  During  the  recess  periods  the  air  in 
the  room  should  be  blown  out  by  raising  all  the  windows  and  opening 
all  of  the  doors.  This  lowers  the  bacterial  count  of  the  air  of  the  room 
about  ninety-live  per  cent.  It  blows  out  contagion  of  all  kinds.  It 
freshens  the  air,  makes  it  bracing.  It  should  get  back  to  about  500 
F.  by  the  time  the  students  come  in.  They  have  been  running  and 
playing  and  they  will  warm  the  room  to  6o°  F.,  in  a  very  few  minutes. 

Dust:  The  dust  should  be  kept  down  in  the  school  room.  This 
can  be  accomplished  by  good  cleaning  at  night,  say  with  a  vacuum 
cleaner;  by  feet  scrapers,  to  be  used  by  the  pupils  before  entering 
the  room;  and  by  keeping  down  the  chalk  dust.  If  the  eraser  is  very 
slightly  dampened  before  use,  the  blackboard  dust  will  not  be  harm- 
ful. Wherever  it  is  feasible  the  use  of  vacuum  cleaning  should  be 
required  by  law. 

Light:  The  school  rooms  should  be  long  and  narrow,  in  width  not 
over  twice  the  height  of  the  top  of  the  window  from  the  floor.  The 
light  should  so  fall  as  to  protect  the  eyes  of  the  pupils. 

Apparatus :  The  ventilating  apparatus  should  be  of  such  a  type 
as  to  be  readily  adaptable  to  rapid  changes  in  wind  and  weather. 

The  effect  of  lack  of  fresh  air  is  especially  brought  out  by  the 
following  extract  from  the  May  14  (1910)  Bulletin  of  the  Chicago 
Department  of  Health: 

"The  continuation  of  the  unseasonably  low  temperature  has  delayed  the 
free  opening  of  homes  and  as  a  consequence  our  pneumonia  death  rate 
continues  high  for  this  season.  The  deaths  from  pneumonia  during  the  week 
just  closed  reached  137,  13  higher  than  in  the  preceding  week  and  23  in 
excess  of  the  record  of  the  corresponding  week  of  last  year.  Those  of  our 
citizens  who  are  keeping  the  windows  of  their  living  and  working  places 
open  are  in  no  danger — all  others  are." 

The  effect  of  the  installation  of  reasonably  efficient  devices  for 
insuring  ventilation  is  shown  by  Prof.  Winslow,  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  in  a  paper  on  "The  Cash  Value  of  Factory 
Ventilation"  in  which  he  mentions  that: 

"Efficient   production   requires   skilled   and   practical   workers,   in  good 
physical   condition,   applying  themselves  with  energy  and   enthusiasm   to 
>ks. 

"Irregularity  of  attendance  and  the  physical  sluggishness  and  nervous 
inattention  which  accompany  lowered  vitality,  mean  direct  money  loss  to 

employer  of  labor,  as  well  as  a  burden  on  the  community  at  large." 

A     an  example  showing  the  results  of  improved  ventilation,  tin-  paper 
calls  attention  to  tin-  operating  room  of  the   Xew   England   Telephone 
IN  L<  graph  Company  at  ('ami. ridge.  Mass.,  a  long  room  having  a  capacity  of 
30,000  cubic  feet,  extending  from  front  to  back  of  a  business  block.     Fifty 
or  sixty  women  are  employed  in  this  room  as  operators. 

"During  the  warmer  months  no  difficulty  has  ever  been  experienced  in 

96 


(Oj.unt  Air  (Ernasttora 


ventilating  the  room  by  means  of  large  windows  at  each  end,  and  by  the  use 
of  electric  fans.  In  the  winter  time,  however,  it  was  impossible  to  secure 
adequate  natural  ventilation  without  undue  exposure  to  drafts.  1  n  the  spring 
of  1907  a  simple  but  efficient  system  of  artificial  ventilation  was  installed. 

"A  marked  improvement  in  the  comfort  and  general  condition  of  the 
operators  followed  this  change  and  the  betterment  was  sufficiently  marked 
to  show  itself  notably  in  the  greater  regularity  of  work. 

"Statistics  collected  and  tabulated  showed  that  prior  to  the  installation 
of  the  ventilating  system  for  the  three  winter  months,  January,  February 
and  March,  inclusive,  four-and-nine-tenths  of  the  force  were  absent  in  1906, 
and  four-and-five-tenths  per  cent  in  1907.  With  the  ventilating  system  in 
use,  the  absences  for  the  same  months  in  1908  fell  to  only  one-and-nine-tenths 
per  cent,  a  striking  reduction." 

And  the  following  from  a  paper  by  Mr.  William  G.  Snow: 

"In  certain  buildings  where  the  results  of  changing  from  poor  to  good 
ventilation  have  been  carefully  observed,  a  marked  improvement  in  the 
general  health  of  the  occupants  has  been  manifest.  For  example:  The 
records  of  the  United  States  Pension  Bureau  show  that  when  the  offices  of 
the  Department  were  located  in  scattered  and  poorly  ventilated  buildings 
18,736  days  were  lost  by  employees  through  illness  in  one  year,  and  about 
the  same  number  for  several  successive  years. 

"When  the  Department  became  established  in  its  new  well-ventilated 
quarters,  the  loss  was  reduced  to  10,114  days'  absence  on  account  of  illness, 
the  working  force  being  larger  and  the  work  increased. 

"The  gain  effected  is  not  to  be  measured  alone  by  the  days'  absence 
saved,  but  by  the  greater  vitality  and  efficiency  of  the  entire  working  force. 

"In  the  Boston  City  Hospital  good  ventilation  is  said  to  have  given 
reductions  in  death  rate  from  44  per  cent  to  13  percent  in  surgical  wards,  and 
from  23  per  cent  to  6  per  cent  in  other  wards." 

There  are  compulsory  ventilation  laws  in  a  few  states.  They  are 
not  uniform  and  some  of  their  provisions  are  impracticable.  The 
moral  effect  of  such  laws,  however,  is  excellent  and  great  progress  is 
being  made.  Only  six  states  have  ventilation  laws  for  school  build- 
ings. Two,  however,  have  state  board  of  health  regulations  covering 
the  same  effect.  Three  have  bills  pending  and  in  eight  states  the  mat- 
ter is  being  agitated. 

Recognizing  the  harm  which  is  being  done  by  bad  air,  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers,  the  Chicago 
Public  Schools  .and  the  Chicago  Health  Department  have  appointed 
a  commission  for  study.  This  commission  knows  that  much  harm  is 
done  by  pollution  of  the  outside  air,  but  this  is  beyond  their  province. 
Of  the  harm  which  is  done  by  bad  ventilation,  part  comes  from  lower- 
ing of  the  vital  tone  and  part  comes  from  air  borne  infections.  Some 
part  of  the  harm  which  comes  from  lowering  of  vital  tone  makes 
itself  manifest  in  infections  which  otherwise  would  not  have  occurred. 
Lowering  of  the  vital  tone  is  shown  in  listlessness,  sleepiness,  mental 
heaviness  and  slowness,  gaping,  drowsiness,  paleness,  headache, 
anemia,  laziness,  enlarged  glands,  mouth   breathing,  snuffling,  dis- 

97 


(Oprn  Air  (Crusaftmi 


position  to  catch  cold.  The  air  borne  infections  are  pneumonia,  colds, 
consumption,  influenza,  some  of  the  scarlet  fever,  diphtheria  and 
smallpox. 

It  is  more  important  that  the  people  should  have  tempered  pure 
air  than  that  they  should  have  tempered  pure  water. 

This  commission  is  still  at  work.  The  method  of  procedure  is  to 
have  members  submit  principles  and  methods  of  ventilation.  By 
methods  is  meant  basic  methods.  They  do  not  consider  devices  or 
apparatus.  When  discussion  has  been  as  complete  as  is  desired,  and 
the  members  are  ready  for  a  conclusion,  a  proposition  is  put  to  a  vote. 
So  far  fourteen  basic  principles  have  been  unanimously  agreed  on. 
Others  are  still  under  discussion. 

Those  first  discussed  are  basic  principles  of  ventilation.  In  the 
main  they  are  hygienic.  Those  now  under  discussion  in  the  main  are 
more  concrete  and  relate  more  particularly  to  the  mechanical  side 
of  the  question. 

The  following  are  the  principles  upon  which  agreement  has  been 
reached: 

i.  Resolved,  that  carbon  dioxide  in  the  amount  present  in  ordinary 
expired  air  does  not  settle  out  from  a  mixture  of  air  and  C02. 

2.  Resolved,  that  carbon  dioxide  is  not  the  agent  of  pollution  of  major 
importance  in  expired  air. 

3.  Resolved,  that  a  temperature  of  68  degrees  Fahrenheit  with  a  proper 
relative  humidity  is  the  proper  maximum  temperature  for  rooms  artificially 
heated  and  ventilated. 

4.  Resolved,  that  in  the  present  state  of  knowledge  it  is  impossible  to 
designate  the  particular  harmful  agent  or  agents  in,  or  associated  with, 
expired  air. 

5.  Resolved,  that  large  quantities  of  CO2,  more  than  10  per  cent,  when 
long  continued,  are  capable  of  producing  some  harm  to  the  human  body  when 
inhaled,  regardless  of  the  source  of  the  gas,  provided  the  oxygen  percentage 
is  not  greater  than  in  ordinary  air. 

6.  Resolved,  that  it  is  cheaper  to  heat  and  move  air  enough  for  adequate 
ventilation  by  currents  than  it  is  by  dilution. 

7.  Resolved,  that,  neglecting  humidity,  the  sum  total  of  heating  agencies 
in  a  mom  with  stationary  temperature  is  equal  to  radiation  by  the  walls, 
ceilings,  and  floors,  plus  the  heat  lost  with  the  outgoing  air. 

8.  Resolved,  that  upward  ventilating  currents  of  air  in  crowded  rooms 
are  desirable  when  arising  from  sources  free  from  dust  or  other  injurious 
particles. 

<i.  Resolved,  that  in  those  industries  where  considerable  CO2  is  liberated 
in  the  process  of  manufacture,  C()2  is  not  a  proper  standard  of  air  pollution. 

10.  Resolved,  that  the  delivery  of  a  certain  volume  of  air  per  hour  per 
inhabitant  in  a  given  space  does  not  necessarily  constitute  ventilation. 

11.  Resolved,  that  in  cold  weather  it  is  not  possible  to  ventilate  an 
occupied  room  in  this  climate  except  with  air  previously  warmed. 

1  j.    Resolved,  that   heating  and  ventilating  are  separate  questions  and 

98 


(dpnx  Air  (EruHatorfl 


should  always  be  so  considered.  Winn  efforts  are  made  to  amalgamate 
them  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  are  parts  of  them  that  cannot 
be  amalgamated  and  must  be  kept  separate. 

i-;.    Resolved,    that    relative    humidity    is    one    of    the    most    important 
factors  in  ventilation  from  the  standpoint  of  health. 

14.     Resolved,  that    it    is  economic  from  a  fuel  standpoint  to  maintain  a 
fairly  constant  relative  humidity  in  ventilation. 

CHICAGO    VENTILATION    COMMISSION, 

I'iKORGE    MEHRING, 

W.  L.    Bronaugh, 

S.  R.  Lewis, 

Representing  Illinois  Chapter,  American  So- 
ciety Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers. 
Prof.   F.  W.   Shepherd, 

Representing  Board  of  Education  of  Chicago. 
F.   ().    Tonney,    M.  D., 

Director  of  Laboratories. 
W.  A.    Evans,   M.  D. 

Commissioner  of  Health,  Representing  De- 
partment of  Health. 


99 


100 


Chart  Showing  Methods  and  Results  of  Open  Air  Schools  in  Eight 
American  Cities— Bibliography  of  Open  Air  School  Movement— Di- 
rectors of  United  Charities  of  Chicago— Outline  of  Activities  of 
United  Charities  of  Chicago. 


101 


iflrthniUi  wxi 

Sraulta  of  ©pnt  Ait 

City 

Date  of 
Opening 

Months 

of 
Attend- 
ance 

Where 
Conducted 

How  Maintained 

Teacher 

Food  and  Clothing 

Transpon.i 

Providence, 
K.  I. 

January, 
1908 

10 

Old  brick 
school  house. 
Open  window 
room,  heated 

by  stoves. 

School 
Committee. 

School  Committee 
and  Providence 
League  for  Sup- 
pression of  Tb. 

Provide; 
League  f 
Suppn 
ofl 

Boston,  M  lss. 

July,  1908 

12 

At  first  in  tent, 

then  moved  to 

roof  of  park 

refectory. 

School 
Committee. 

Ass'n  for  Relief 
and  Control  of  Tb. 
first,  Consump- 
tives' Hospital 
of  City,  later. 

Y.  M.  C. 
first.Consui 
tives'  H 
of  City 

New  Yi irk 

City. 

(i)  Ferrv-boat 

"Southfield." 

December, 

1908 

12 

Old  ferry-boat. 

Board  of 
Education. 

Food,  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital.    Clothing, 
Woman's  Auxiliary 
Bellevue  Tb.  Clinic. 

Woman' 

iliary  B 
Hospit.: 
Clinic. 

2)  Ferry-boat 
"Middletown." 

August.  1908 

12 

Old  ferry-boat. 

Board  of 
Educatii  >n. 

Ladies'  Aux.  of  City 
Health  Department. 

Ladies  Air. 
hVilth  Dej 

(31  Vanderbilt 
Day  Camp. 

May,  IQ09 

12 

Roof   Vander- 
bilt Clinic. 

Board  of 
Education. 

Am.  Nat.  Red  Cms? 
&  Vanderbilt  Clinic 

Am.  Natioi 

Re  1  Cms 

(4)  Ferry-boat 
"  Westfield." 

September, 

1909 

IO 

Old  ferry-boat. 

Board  nf 
Education. 

City  through 
Bellevue  Hospital. 

:ie. 

:        Public 
School  No.  21. 

April,  1910 

10 

Class  room 

with  pivoted 

windows  and 

roof  platform. 

Board  of 

Education. 

Food,  Charity  Or- 
ganization Society. 
Clothing,  City. 

None. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

January, 
1909 

12 

Balcony  on 

Tb.  League 

I  lospital. 

Dispensary 

Aid  Society 

ofTb. League 

Tb.  League. 

Tb.  Li 

Cambridge, 

Mass. 

April,  1909 

IO 

Old  dwelling- 
lii  >use,  re- 
modeled. 

School 
Committee. 

Anti-Tb.  Ass'n 
first.  Now  City. 

AntiTi 
first.    No 
City. 

Chicagi  . 
1 1  Chicago  Tb. 

Institute 
School. 

ust,  1909 

I 

Tent  on 

school 
grounds. 

Board  1  if 
Education. 

Tb.  Institute. 

11).  Institu 

(2)     Graham 
School. 

September, 

1909 

10 

Open  window 
school  room,  V  '•    1 

Board  1  >f 
Education. 

None. 

Nine. 

131  Elizabeth 
McCormick 
'  (pen  Air 
School. 

October, 
1909 

IO 

Ri "  if  nf  day- 
nursery. 
Asbestos- 
beard  tent. 

Board  nf 

Education. 

United  Charities 
of  Chicago. 

United  1 
tiesofChica 

(4)Chicago  Tb. 

Institute 
Schools  (3). 

July,  1910 

1^ 

Tents  on 

scL 
grounds. 

Board  of 
Education. 

Chicago  Public 

ScIk ml  Extension 
Committee. 

ChicagoPul 

School  Ext' 
sii  >n  ( ''.inn 

Rochester, 

N.  Y. 

October, 

1909 

12 

At  first  tent,  then 

hum  drooii  111  school 

boost  remodeled. 

Board  nf 
Education. 

Food,  Public 

Health  Ass'n. 

Clothing,  Needlework  Guild, 

Public  11.  1 
Ass 

Hartford, 
Conn. 

January, 
1910 

IO 

lint. 

Board  nf 
Education. 

81  uierj  For  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis 

Society  fur  Prw 
ion  of  Tulierculi 

ire  includes  all  expenditures  for  equipment.     See  page  59.     Cost  nf  food  per  day  v. 


^rbnnla  in  lEight  Antmrmt  (Ettira 


Home  Supervision 

Hours 

of 
Study 

Hours 

of 
Rest 

Feed- 
ings 

Daj 

Av. 

( rain 

iu 

Weight 

Av. 
Cost 

Day 

No. 
of 
Attend- 
ants 

No. 
of 
Teach- 
ers 

No. 

of 

Pupils 

Kind  of  Case 
Admitted 

■  ■ 

Tb.  Nurses  of 

District  Nursing 

Ass'n. 

5 

0 

2 

4 

No 
report 

0 

I 

25 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 
tuberculosis 

Nurses  of  Ass'n 
for  Relief  and 

Control  of  Tb., 
first.     School 
nurses,  later. 

5 

I 

3 

No 
report 

30 

cents 

2 

I 

41 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 

tuberculosis 

District  Nurses. 

2 

2*-2.} 

4 

6 

53 
cents 

7 

I 

135 

Open 
tuberculosis 

'b.  Clinic  Nurses. 

I-J-2J 

I 

3 

a  week 

23-41 
cents 

7 

2 

71 

Open 

tuberculosis 

<d.  of  Health  and 
b.  Clinic  Nurses. 

4 

2 

3 

I  lb. 
a  week 

41  fc 

cents 

3 

I 

34 

Open 

tuberculosis 

'b.  Clinic  Nurses. 

3X 

I 

3 

I,V2 

55 
cents 

3 

I 

75 

Open 
tuberculosis 

>Jone,  except  by 
visits  of  teacher. 

3% 

I'll' 

3 

2 !),.-, 

15 
cents 

1 

I 

20 

Anaemic  and  de- 
bilitated children 

Tb.  League 
Dispensary. 

4 

2 

3 

SlA 

4  5 
cents 

2 

I 

12-15 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 
tuberculosis 

School  Nurses. 

,2/ 

3t3 

o 

2 

J-3 

8 
cents 

1 

I 

24 

Anaemic  and  de- 
bilitated children 

ursesof  Chicago 
Tuberculosis 
Institute. 

2 

2 

5 

3-8 

48.7 
cents 

2 

2 

30 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 
tuberculosis 

None. 

5 

0 

0 

No 
record 

0 

0 

7 

300 

Ordinary  school 
children 

urses  of  Chicago 
Tuberculosis 
Institute. 

3'4 

iX 

J 

3-6 

64.6 
cents* 

4 

1 

49 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 
tuberculosis 

jrses  of  Chicago 

'  Tuberculosis 
Institute. 

2 

2 

5 

3-5 

44 
cents 

9 

6 

100 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 

tuberculosis 

urses  of  Public 
Health  Ass'n. 

llt02i! 

iy2 

3 

5-5 

23 
cents 

1 

1 

37 

Incipient  and 
predisposed 
tuberculosis 

/isiting  Nurse 
Ass'n. 

5 

i 

3 

5 

26 
cents 

20 

21 

28 

Incipient  and  predis- 
posed tuberculosis 

3  '  cents. 

Ithluujraplnt  nf  ODjjrn  Atr  Scoots 

Reprinted  by  permission  from  Open  Air  Schools,  by  Dr.  Leonard  P.  Ayres,  of  the 

Russell  Sage  Foundation 

Baginsky,  Adolf .     Uber  Waldschulen  und  Waklerholungstatten.     Zeits.fur 

Psy.  Path,  und  Hygiene,  1906,  Vol.  8,  pp.  161-177. 
Bendix,   Dr.   B.  Uber  die   Charlottenburger  Waldschule.     Deutsche  Viertel- 

jahrsschrift   fur  bffentliche  Gesundheitspflege.     September,    1906,  Bd.  39, 

1  left   j,  pp.  305-322. 

Verhandlagen  der  7.     Jahresversammlung  des  Deutschen  Vereins  fur  Schul- 

gesundheitspflege,  Verlag  von  Teubner,  Berlin. 
Bienstock,  Dr.     Die  Waldschule  in  Mulhausen.     Strassburger  Medizinische 

Zeitung,  I  Heft,   1907:   Zeitschrift  filr  Schulgesiindheitspflege,  No.  2,  1908. 

Leopold  Yoss,  Hamburg. 
Bjorkman,  Edwin.     The   Outdoor  School.      Van  Norden,  December,   1909. 

New  York  City. 
Bryce,    Dr.    P.    H.      Open-air   Schools   and   Preventoria.      Med.   Review  of 

Reviews,  August,  1909.    New  York  City. 
Byles,  A.    Holden.     The   Open-air   School.      The    World's   Work,    January, 

1909.  20  Bedford  St.,  London,  W.  C. 
Carrington,  Dr.  Thomas  S.     How  to  Build  and  Equip  an  Open-air  School. 

The  Survey,  April  23,  19 10.      New  York  City. 
Clark,  Ida  Hood.     Open-air  Schools.     Proceedings  N.  E,  A.,   1909.     Irwin 

Shepard,  Winona,  Minn. 

Open-air  or  Forest    Schools   of  England   and    Germany.      Kindergarten 

Review,  April,  19 10,  Vol.  20,  No.  8.     Milton  Bradley  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass., 

pp.  462-469. 
Crowley,  Ralph  H.     Report  by  the  Medical  Superintendent  on  the  Thackley 

Open-air  School.     City  of   Bradford  Education  Committee.      December 

10,  1910.  Bradford,  England. 

The  Open-air  School  Movement.      The  British  Journal  of  Tuberculosis, 

July, 1909,  Vol.   3,  No.  3.    G.  E.   Stechert  &   Co.,   151-155  W.   25th  St., 

New  York  City. 

The  Open-air  Recovery  School,  Chap.   14  of  the  Hygiene  of  School  Life. 

Methuen  &  Co.,  19 10,  London. 
Curtis,  Elnora  W.     Outdoor  Schools.     Ped.  Sent.,  June,   1909,  pp.  169-194, 

Vol.  16.  Worcester,  Mass.     Bibliography.  (Best  and  most  comprehensive 

treatment  in  English.) 

Outdoor  Schools.     American  City,  November,  1909,  and   January,  1910. 

American  Publishing  Co.,  New  York  City. 
Floyd,    Cleavland.      Care    of  Phthisis   in   Children    through    the    Outdoor 

School.      American   Journal   of   Public   Hygiene,    November,    1909,    pp. 

747-751.  Boston,  Mass. 
Godfrey,   Betty.      An    Inexpensive   Outdoor   School.     Good   Housekeeping, 

Phelps  Publishing  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass.,  May,  19 10. 
Gorst.,  Sir  John.     Chapter  in  The  Children  of  the  Nation.     1907,  Methuen 

&  Co.,  36  Essex  St.,  London. 
Grau,  Dr.  H.    Ergebnisse  und  Bedeutung  der  Waldschule.     Centralblatt  fur 

allgemeine  Gesundheitspflege,  1906,      25.     Jahr.  Heft  11-12,  pp.  373-480. 
Gray,    Ernest.       Open-air   Schools.      North   of   England    Educational   Con- 
ference, 1909. 

103 


(Oyru  Air  (EruaaJtera 


Hartt.  .Mary  Bronson.      A  School  on  a  Roof.     Boston  Transcript,  .May  it, 

1910,  Boston.  1  Franklin  Park.  Boston,  School.) 
Huetzer,     Dr.      Walderholungstatten     und     Waldsehule.      Centralblatt  fur 

allgemeine Gesundheitspflege,  1906.     25.     Jahr.,  Heft  1-2,  pp.  72-77. 
Henderson.  C.  H.     Outdoor  Schools.      The  World's   Work,  January,   1909. 

U.ubledav.  Page  &  Co.,  New  York  City. 
Hyams,  Isabel    F.,   and    Minot,    Dr.    James.      Boston's    Outdoor    School. 

Journal  of  Outdoor  Life,  July,  1909.     New  York  City. 
The  above  article  has  been  reprinted  in  "Outdoor  Schools"  published 

by  the   Boston  Association   for  the  Relief  and  Control  of  Tuberculosis,  4 
■v  St.) 
Kaufman,  Eunice  H.     School  in  the   Forest.      The  Outlook,  December   5, 

1008,  pp.  793-795.     New  York  City. 
A  description  of  the  Forest  School  at  Charlottenburg,  Germai. 
Kingsley,   Sherman.      Tuberculous  Children  on  a  City  Roof.      The  Survey, 

March  5,  1910.      New  York  City.     Pp.  863-S66. 
An  account  of  the  school  carried  on  by  the  United  Charities  of  Chicago.) 
Koenig,  Inspector.     Die  Waldsehule  in  Mulhausen.     Strassburger  Druckerei 

and  Verlagsanstalt. 
Kraft.     Dr.    A.      Waldschulen.     Yerlag    Art    Institut,    Orel    Fiissli,    1008. 

Zurich.  28  pp. 
Kruesi,   Walter   E.     The   Providence    Fresh-air   School.     Charities  and  the 

Commons.  April  18,  1908.     Vol.  20,  No.  3,  pp.  97-99.      New  York  City. 

School  of  Outdoor  Life,  Roxbury,  Mass.    The  Playground,  February,  1909, 

No.  23.    Playground  Association  of  America,  1  Madison  Ave..  New  York. 

School  of  Outdoor  Life.     Charities    and    the  Commons,  December,  1908. 

Vol.  2i,  Xo.  12.  pp.  447-449.      New  York  City. 
Lange,   W.      Die   Waldsehule.     Pad.    Warte,    October,   Jahr.    15,    Heft    20, 

pp.  1096-1 107. 

Die  Charlottenburger  Waldsehule.      Neue  Bahnen,  18,  Xo.  2. 
Lennhoff,     Dr.      Rudolph.       Walderholungstatten     und      Genesungheime. 

Deutsche  Vierteljahrsschri ft  jar  offcntliche  Gesundheitspflege,  1906,  Bd.  39, 

pp.  71-T07. 
De  Montmorency,  J.  E.      School  Excursions  and  Vacation  Schools.     Board 

of    Education.      Special    Reports  on    Educational    Subjects.       London. 

I907.        Vol.    21,    p.    77. 

Morin,  Jeanne.  An  Open-air  School  in  France.  The  Wide  World,  Decem- 
ber, 1909.     International  Xews  Co.,  New  York  City. 

Xeufert,  Dr.  H.,  and  Bendix,  Dr.  B.  Die  Charlottenburger  Waldsehule  im 
ersten  Jahr  ihres  Bestehens.  Urban  und  Schwartzenberg,  Berlin.  Wien, 
1906. 

Perkins,  Dr.  Jay.     The  Providence  Fresh-air  School.     "Outdoor  Schools, 
August,  1909.     Boston  Association  for  the  Relief  and  Control  of  Tuber- 
culosis, 4  Joy  St.,  Boston. 

Rose,  Dr.  Frederick.     Open-air  Schools.     Progress,  April.    1908.     Vol.    3, 
No.  2,  pp.  87-98.     London,  Southampton  Row,  W.  C. 
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7,  Berlin. 

A  Brief  Account  of  the  Nature  and  Scope  of  Open-air  Schools  and  Details 
and  Estimate  of  the  Model.  Pamphlet  T.  C.  C,  Penny  &  Hill,  Printers, 
London. 

The  Xational  Importance  of  Outdoor  Schools.  The  British  Journal  of 
Tuberculosis,  July.  1909.  Vol.  3,  Xo.  3,  Bibliography.  G.  E.  Steelier 
&  Co.,  New  York  City. 

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OD}im  Air  (Ermiaftrrc 


Open-air  Schools.     Published  by  the  Royal  Sanitary  Institute,  Margaret 
St .,  London,  W. 
Sandt,    II.     Waldschulen.      In   Schulhygienisches   Taschenbuch,   Hamburg, 

IQ07,    pp.    260— .''id 

Schaefer,  Dr.  Zur  Erttffnung  der  Waldschule  der  Stadt.  M.  Gladbach. 
Centralblatt  fiir  allgemeineGesundheitspflege,  1906,  25.  Jahr,  Heft  7,  pp. 
311— 315.     Verlag  Martin  Hager,  Bonn. 

Schwarz,  Karl  W.  Waldschulen.  Die  Gesundheitwarte  der  Schule,  3.  Jahr., 
August,  1905,  pp.  200—202. 

Slocum,  Maude  M.  America's  Fresh-air  School  in  Providence.  Good  Health, 
July,  1908,  pp.  383-385.     Battle  Creek,  Michigan. 

Spencer,  Mrs.  Anna  Garlin.  Open-air  Schools.  International  Congress  of 
Tuberculosis,  1908,  Vol.  2,  pp.  612—618. 

Stoll,  Dr.  Henry  F.  The  Hartford  Preventorium:  An  Outdoor  School  for 
Delicate  Children.     Journal  of  Outdoor  Life,  March,  1910.      New  York. 

Talbot,  Winthrop  F.  The  Physical  Basis  of  Attention.  Ad.  and  Proc. 
of  Nat.  Ed.  Ass'n,  1908,  pp.  932-936. 

Thiel,  Peter  J.  Die  Waldschule  in  der  freien  Natur,  eine  padagogische 
Notwendigkeit  und  Moglichkeit.  Internationaler  Kongress  fiir  Schul- 
hygiene,  Nuremberg,  April,  1904,  Vol.  2,  pp.  346-352. 

Watt,  William  E.      Fresh  Air  for  Average  School  Children.      The  Survey, 
March  5,  1910,  pp.  866-869.      New  York  City. 
(Account  ofthe  fresh-air- room  experiment  in  the  Graham  School,  Chicago.) 

Williams,  Ralph  P.      Sheffield  Open-air  School.     British  Journal  of  Tuber- 
culosis, April,  1910,  pp.  101-106.     G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co.,  New   \rork. 
Sheffield  Open-air- recovery  School.     School  Hygiene,  March,  1910,  Vol.  1, 
No.  3,  pp.   136-143.      School   Hygiene  Publishing  Co.,   2   Charlotte  St.', 
London,  W. 

Wing,  Frank  E.  Report  of  Chicago's  first  Outdoor  School  and  its  Results. 
The  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute,  158  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  No- 
vember, 1909. 

Watt,  William  E.  Open  Air.  Little  Chronicle  Publishing  Co.,  358  Dear- 
born St. 


105 


ifet  af  Wf&tttB  af  titr 
Xmtrfl  fflharttirs  nf  (Uhtnum 

Charles  H.  Wacker,  President 

Granger  Farwell,  First   Vice  President 

Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  Second   Vice  President 

Ernest  A.  Hamill,   Treasurer 

Leverett  Thompson,  Secretary 

Dr.  Charles  R.  Henderson,   Chairman  Executive  Committee 

Frank  O.  Wetmore,   Chairman   Finance  Committee 

Sherman  C.  Kingsley,  General  Superintendent 

Directors 
To  Serve  for  Three  Years 

Mrs.  Joseph  T.  Bowen  Nathan  B.  Higbie 

Arthur  L.  Farwell  Dr.  Frank  S.  Johnson 

Granger  Farwell  Murry  Nelson,  Jr. 

Mitchell  D.  Follansbee  Charles  A.  Paltzer 

David  R.  Forgan  Frank  O.  Wetmore 

Dr.  Charles  R.  Henderson  Hon.  Fred  A.  Busse,  Mayor,  ex-officio. 

To  Serve  for  Two  Years 

Miss  Jane  Addams  Howard  Shaw 

Mrs.  Emmons  Blaine  William  R.  Stirling 

J.  J.  Dau  Thomas  Templeton 

Dr.  Henry  B.  Favill  Leverett  Thompson 

Mrs.  Potter  Palmer  E.  H.  Valentine 

Julius  Rosenwald  Charles  H.  Wacker 

To  Serve  for  One  Year 

Charles  L.  Allen  Ernest  A.  Hamill 

Walter  S.  Brewster  W.  S.  Jackson 

Benjamin  Carpenter  Arthur  Meeker 

R.  T.  Crane,  Jr.  Adolph  Nathan 

Marvin  A.  Farr  Potter  Palmer,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Dunlap  Smith 


10G 


(Elir  Initfit  (Eliartttra  nf  (Ulttraga 

a  union  of 

The  Relief  and  Aid  Society  and 

The    Bureau   of  Charities 

Outline  of  Activities 


WORK  FOR 
NEEDY  FAMILIES 
THROUGH  THESE 
DISTRICT  OFFICES 


SPECIAL 

SOCIAL 

ACTIVITIES 


GENERAL 

SOCIAL 

ACTIVITIES 


REGISTRATION 


INQUIRY 
DEPARTMENT 

COMMITTEE  ON 
PUBLICITY 


FINANCE 
COMMITTEE 


{ 
J 


{ 

f 
I 


Central — 2729  Michigan  Avenue 
Englewood — 226  W.  (^d  Street 
Lower  North— 1 116  Wells  Street 
Northern — 2537  Sheffield  Avenue 
Northwestern — 1551  Milwaukee  Avenue 
South  Chicago — 9101  Commercial  Avenue 
Southwestern — 2123  S.  Ashland  Avenue 
Stock  Yards— 723  W.  47th  Street 
West  Side — 940  W.  Madison  Street 
Mary  Crane  Nursery — 818  Ewing  Street 


Home  lor  Men 

Employment 

Relief 


MARY  CRANE 
NURSERY 

with  these 
departments 

SUMMER 
OUTINGS 


INFANT 
WELFARE 


THE 
HOMELESS 

Social  Service  Work  at  Cook  County  Hospital 

Dispensary 

Milk  Depot 

Diet  Kitchen 

Laundry 

Instruction  to  Mothers 

Camp  (Algonquin) 

Outings 

Excursions 

Bahy  Tents 

Diets 

Classes  for  Mothers 

Home  Instruction 

Visiting  Housekeeper 


OPEN  AIR  SCHOOL 

Participation  in  State  and  National  Charity  Conferences 
Institutional  Member  American  Red  Cross 
Participates  in  Constructive  Philanthropic  Movements 

Application 

Registration 

Records 

Correspondence  (outside  reference) 

Reports  on  character  and  standing  of  charitable   and  benevolent 
enterprises 

Reports 

Pamphlets 

Charts 

Appeals 

Funds 

Accounting— Auditing 


107 


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UC SOUTHERN 


REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FMMUTY 


AA    000  714  965    1 


